FREEZING TEMPERATURES 6 



The determinations of the freezing points of most of the commercial 

 varieties of fruits, vegetables, and other plant materials have been 

 made by the Bureau of Plant Industry in connection with its cold- 

 storage investigations. This work is being continued. 



Except where noted, the products reported upon were American 

 grown and harvested at the usual state of maturity for commercial 

 marketing. The method of determining freezing points has been 

 described elsewhere. 3 



FREEZING POINTS OF FRUITS 



Where several varieties of one kind of fruit were investigated the 

 results are given separately to allow comparisions between varieties. 

 The results are given in table 1. In table 2 these are summarized, 

 and in addition there are listed the results of freezing-point determina- 

 tions on a number of other fruits where only one representative variety 

 of a kind was studied. 



APPLES 



Freezing-point determinations w^ere made on a number of varieties 

 of summer or early apples and of fall and winter varieties, most of the 

 eastern-grown varieties being produced on the Arlington Experiment 

 Farm, Arlington, Va. The tabulated results by varieties (table 1) 

 show considerable varietal differences among both summer and 

 winter apples. The average of all summer varieties is practically the 

 same as that of winter varieties, the former being 28.4° while the latter 

 is 28.5° F. There is very little difference shown between the freezing 

 points of eastern-grown and western-growm fruit. 



Table 1. — Average and extreme freezing points of different varieties 



of certain fruits 



Kind, variety, state of matu- 

 rity, and place where grown 



Aver- 

 age 



Extremes 



Kind variety, state of matu- 

 rity, and place where grown 



| 



1 Extremes 



Mini- 

 mum 



Maxi- 

 mum 



age 



Mini- 

 mum 



Maxi- 

 mum 



Apples, summer varieties, east- 

 ern-grown: 

 Yellow Transparent 



°F. 

 27.7 

 28.6 

 29.2 

 29.6 

 27.4 

 28.5 

 28.8 

 27.8 



°F. 

 27.3 

 28.2 

 28.8 

 29.3 

 27.3 

 27.9 

 28.5 

 27.6 



°F. 

 28.2 

 28.7 

 29.5 

 29.7 

 27.4 

 28.0 

 29.0 

 28.5 



Apples, fall and winter varie- 

 ties, western-grown: 

 Delicious 



°F. 

 28.4 

 28.5 

 28.6 

 28.3 

 28.9 

 28.7 

 28.2 



°F. 

 28.0 

 28.3 

 28.3 

 28.0 

 28.7 

 28.3 

 27.9 



•F. 



28.9 







29.0 



Early Ripe 



Grimes Golden 



29.0 







28.7 



Schweitzer 



Rome Beauty.. 



29.4 





Esopus Spitzenburg 



29.0 



Benoni 



28.3 





Average 





Early Joe ... 



28.5 



28.2 



28.9 



Average 



28.4 



28.1 



28.6 



Apples, crab: 



Martha... 



26.7 

 27.5 



26.6 

 27.2 



26.8 





29.0 

 29.6 

 28.5 

 29.0 

 28.2 

 28.5 

 28.5 

 28.5 

 28.2 

 28.0 

 28.3 



28.8 

 28.2 

 28.2 

 28.8 

 27.8 

 28.4 

 28.3 

 28.0 

 27.9 

 27.8 

 28.1 



29.4 

 29.0 

 29.1 

 29.0 

 28.7 

 28.5 

 28.9 

 28.9 

 28.7 

 28.2 

 28.5 





28.2 











27.1 



26.9 



27.5 



Baldwin 



Blackberries: 





28.5 

 29.1 

 29.2 

 28.4 

 29.5 



27.9 



28.1 

 28.1 



28.3 

 28.7 

 28.8 

 28.1 

 29.3 



27.6 

 27.8 

 27.6 



28.7 







29.3 







29.5 





Crystal White 



Logan (loganberry) 



Cherries, sour, mature, eastern- 

 grown: 

 Early Richmond 



28.6 



Paragon.. 



29.7 



Rambo 





Stayman W r inesap 





Winesap 



28.3 



Yellow Newtown 



Montmorency 



28.6 



York Imperial 



St. Medard 



28.6 





Average 







28.5 



28.2 



28.8 



28.0 



27.7 



28.5 









' Taylor, G. F. some improvements on the needle type thermocouple for low-temperature 

 work. Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem. 12 797-798, illus. 1920. 



Wright, R. C, and Harvey, R. B. the freezing point of potatoes as determined by the thermo- 

 electric method. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 895, 7 pp., illus. 1921. 



Wright, R. C, and Taylor, G. F. See footnote 2. 



