Rcv.ed. 

 follows 



CIRCULAR No. 106 MARCH, 1930 \ 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

 WASHINGTON, D. C. 



TREE HOPPERS AND THEIR CONTROL IN THE 

 ORCHARDS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 



By M. 



A. Y others, Associate Entomologist, Division of Dedchwus Fruit Insects, 

 Bureau of Entomology 



CONTENTS 



Page 



Introduction 1 



Kinds of tree hopper? 1 



D istribution 2 



Nature of injury 2 



Food and oviposition plants 4 



General description of tree hoppers 5 



Life history of tree hoppers 8 



Hatching of eggs 8 



Nymphal stages 9 



Page 

 Life history of tree hoppers— Continued. 



Adult stage 30 



Oviposition 10 



Hibernation 12 



Natural enemies 12 



Preventive and control measures 12 



Clean cultivation 12 



Pruning and collecting 13 



Spraying 13 



INTRODUCTION 1 



For many years there has been, in different parts of the country, 

 a peculiar injury to the young wood of fruit trees caused by several 

 species of insects commonly known as " tree hoppers." In the Pacific 

 Northwest this injury has been especially common in orchards in 

 which alfalfa is grown as a cover crop, and has become serious 

 enough to require control measures for its suppression. Alfalfa is 

 a favorite food plant of these insects, and they are more or less 

 numerous wherever it is grown in orchards. Injury also often 

 occurs along the edge of fruit-tree nurseries which are adjacent to 

 fields of alfalfa, and throughout newly planted orchards which have 

 been set out in land previously occupied by alfalfa and in which 

 occasional alfalfa plants still persist. Though the nature of the 

 injury is such that the loss can not be easily given a monetary value, 

 the damage is nevertheless considerable. 



KINDS OF TREE HOPPERS 



Until quite recently tree hoppers in orchards in the Pacific North- 

 west have been referred to indiscriminately by both entomologists 

 /■ iincl orchardists as " the buffalo tree hopper." Investigation has 

 shown, however, that about 15 2 different species are present in the 

 orchards, and several additional species have been found in other 



1 The field observations and experiments upon which this circular is based Avere made, 

 for the most part, at Yakima, Wash., at various times and incidental to other work during 

 the years from 1923 to 1926, inclusive. 



2 Veresa albidosparsa Stal. C. basalis Walk., C. borealis Fairm., C. bnbalus Fab.. C. 

 fanorata Fairm., C. tanrina Fitch, Stictocephala pillcttci God?.. 8. inermis Fab., S. pacifica 

 Van D., &. wickhami Van D., CampylencMa latipes Say, Glossonotus univittatus Harr., 

 Heliria rubidella Ball, Publilia modest a Uhler. and Telamona barbata Van D. 



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