Correieted edition 



L \ E 



lit d 



CIRCULAR No. 106 

 ISSUED MARCH, 1930 REVISED M 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGK 

 WASHINGTON, D. C. 



\RCH, 193J 



cuj^tAriB 



U. & SpHrat 81 Jurriottttuw 



TREE HOPPERS AND THEIR CONTROL" IN lHfc/ 

 ORCHARDS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 



By M. A. YO'T'hees, Associate Entomologist, Division of Deciduous Fruit Insects, 



Bureau of Entomology 



CONTENTS 



Page 



Introduction 1 



Kinds of tree hoppers 1 



Distribution 2 



Nature of injury 2 



Food and oviposition plants 4 



General description of tree hoppers. _ 5 



Life history of tree hoppers 8 



Hatching of eggs 8 



Nyirphal stages 9 



Adult stage it 



Oviposition 10 



Page 

 Life history of tree hoppers — Contd. 



Hibernation 10 



Dissemination 12 



Natural enemies 12 



Preventive and control measures 12 



('lean cultivation 12 



Pruning and collecting 13 



Dormant spraying against the 



eggs 13 



Summer spraying against the 



nymphs 13 



INTRODUCTION J 



For many years there has been, in different parts of the country, 

 a peculiar injury to the young wood of fruit trees caused by several 

 species of insects commonly known as " tree hoppers." In the 

 Pacific Northwest this injury has been especially common in orchards 

 in which alfalfa is grown as a cover crop, and has become serious 

 enough to require control measures for its suppression. Alfalfa is 

 a favorite food plant of these insects, and they are more or less 

 numerous wherever it is grown in orchards. Injury also often 

 occurs along the edge of fruit-tree nurseries which are adjacent to 

 fields of alfalfa, and throughout newly planted orchards which have 

 been set out in land previously occupied by alfalfa and in which 

 occasional alfalfa plants still persist. Though the nature of the 

 injury is such that the loss can not be easily given a monetary value, 

 the damage is nevertheless considerable. 



KINDS OF TREE HOPPERS 



Until quite recently tree hoppers in orchards in the Pacific North- 

 west have been referred to indiscriminately by both entomologists 

 and orchardists as " the buffalo tree hopper." Investigation has 

 that about 15 2 different species are present in the 



shown, however, 



1 The held observations and experiments upon which this circular is based were made, 

 for the most part, at Yakima, Wash., at various times and incidental to other work during 

 the years from 1923 to 1926, inclusive. 



2 Veresa albidosparsa Stal, C. basalts Walk., C. borealis Fairm., C. bubalus Fab., C. 

 ftmorata Fairm., C. taurina Fitch, Stictocephala gillettei Godg., S. inermis Fab., S. pacified 

 Van D., £. wickhami Van D., Campi/lenoMa latipes Say, Glossonotus univittatus Harr., 

 Hcliria rubidclla Ball, PuMilia modesta Uhler, and Telamona barbata Van D. 



39064°— 31 



