8 BULLETIN 26, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



RASPBERRIES. 

 (1) Rubus occidentals L., and (2) Rubus strigosus Michx. 



Synonyms. — (1) Rubus idaeus var. americanus Torr. ; (2) Rubus idaeus var. 

 strigosus Maxim. 



Other common names. — (1) Black raspberry, thimbleberry, blackcap, Scotch 

 cap, wild purple raspberry; (2) wild red raspberry, American red raspberry- 



Habitat and range. — The black raspberry (R. occidentalis) grows along the 

 borders of woods and in rocky thickets from Canada south to Georgia and 

 Missouri, while the red raspberry (R. strigosus) is found in dry or rocky situa- 

 tions from Canada to North Carolina and New Mexico. 



Descriptions. — The raspberries are so well known that a full description 

 seems unnecessary. However, the black raspberry has recurved, canelike 

 stems, which root at the tips and are covered with a bloom. These canes some- 

 times reach 12 feet in length and are furnished with hooked prickles. The 

 leaves consist generally of three leaflets, oval in outline, pointed, and coarsely 

 double toothed, whitish hairy underneath. The black raspberry is in flower 

 about May to June, and the well-known purplish black fruit ripens in July. 



The wild red raspberry is a more shrubby plant, about 3 to 6 feet in height, 

 its stems being thickly furnished with bristles. The leaflets, three to five in 

 number, are oval or oval oblong, long pointed, sharply toothed, and measure 

 about 1 to 3 inches in length and are also whitish hairy on the lower surface. 

 It is in flower from about May to July and ripens its light red fruit from July 

 to September. Both species are found in cultivation. Raspberries belong to the 

 rose family (Rosaceae). 



Collection, uses, and prices. — The fruits of these plants are collected when 

 ripe and are used for their refrigerant and somewhat laxative properties. 

 Their chief use, however, is to furnish a sirup. By allowing the juice of the 

 fruit to ferment, a pleasant wine is obtained, which is much used in a domestic 

 way for bowel complaints. 



The wholesale price of dried raspberries may range from 25 to 30 cents or 

 more a pound. 



PRICKLY ASH. 



(1) Zanthoxylum americanum Mill., and (2) Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. 



Synonyms. — (1) Zantlioxylum fraxineum Willd. ; (2) Zantlioxylum caro- 

 linianum Lam.; Fagara clava-herculis (L. ) Small. 



Other common names. — (1) Northern prickly ash, toothache tree, toothache 

 bush, yellowwood, angelica tree, pellitory bark, suterberry; (2) southern prickly 

 ash, toothache tree, Hercules'-clnb, yellow Hercules, yellowthorn, yellowwood, 

 yellow prickly ash. prickly yellowwood, West Indian yellowwood, sea ash, 

 pepperwood, wild orange. 



Habitat and range. — The northern prickly ash is found along river banks, 

 in woods and thickets, from Virginia, Missouri, and Nebraska northward to 

 Canada; the southern prickly ash occurs along streams from southern Vir- 

 ginia to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas. 



Description. — Both of these species are native in this country and are mem- 

 bers of the rue family (Rutacea?). The northern prickly ash is not a large 

 tree, rarely exceeding 25 feet in height, and is most frequently found reaching 

 only 10 to 12 feet, its branches being furnished with brown, cone-shaped 

 prickles. The leaves consist of from 5 to 11 oval, practically stemless leaflets 



