I 10 



The Bird 



the upper mandible, which bone we may call the jugal. 

 Indeed when we come to look closely at the quadrates 

 we find that they are very important, and in addition to 

 supporting the bar of bone from the upper jaw, and 

 pivoting the lower jaw, they bear another pan 1 of bones 





FIG. 85. Columella in ear of Snowy Owl (magnified 2 diameters). 



extending inward from them, beneath the skull, to the 

 broad thin palate or roof of the mouth. 



In a chicken the individual movement of the upper 

 jaw is not very great, but in some birds, such as parrots, 

 it is much more noticeable. With a sharp knife we can 

 entirely detach the upper and lower jaws of most birds, 

 without cutting through a bone, the connection consist- 

 ing only of exceedingly tough tendons. When we found 

 our shark's skull we perhaps wondered what had become 



