10 KJELLMAN, THE ALGZ OF THE ARCTIC SEA. 
Zemlya and Waygats I have mentioned that the greatest part of the litoral bottom- 
zone here is destitute of any vegetation and that the litoral vegetation occurring here 
and there is extremely poor in individuals and consists exclusively of small alge. Eleven 
species have been found here as litoral: Rhodochorton Rothii, Fucus evanescens, Phlao- 
spora pumila, Pylacella litoralis, Chatophora maritima, Enteromorpha compressa and E. minima 
f. glacialis, Rhizoclonium riparium and Rh. pachydermum, Urospora penicilliformis, Calothria 
scopulorum. The most common of these were Rhodochorton Rothii, Pylaiella litoralis 
Enterumorpha compressa and Rhizoclonium riparium. Fucus evanescens is more rare, 
Phlawospora pumila, Urospora penicilliformis, Chetophora maritima and Calothrix seopu- 
lorum are found only in two places, Enteromorpha minima f. glacialis and Rhizoclonium 
pachydermum each in one place. Here, as on the coasts of Spitsbergen, the litoral alge 
are stall. The particular specimens of Chetophora maritima can hardly be distinguished 
with the naked eye. Calothria scopulorum and Urospora penicilliformis cover the stones 
between tide-marks with a thin coating. Rhodochorton Roth and Rhizoclonium riparium 
are matted together to the thickness of some mm., even Rhodochorton intermedium, 
Phleospora pumila, Enteromorpha compressa and the litoral form of Pylatella litoralis are 
small in size, being only some mm. high, and the forms of Fucus evanescens, as gene- 
rally found within the litoral zone, seldom grow more than about 6 cm. in height ’). 
In the Kara Sea traces of a litoral vegetation have been detected only in two places, 
namely at Kjellman’s Islands, where, as mentioned above, there were found small tufts 
of Urospora penicilliformis on the rocks at the shore, and in Actinia Bay, where the 
litoral bottom-zone was clothed in several places, although sparely, with stunted Lntero- 
morpha compressa. No litoral algz are known froin the Siberian and the American Seas. 
The main mass of the vegetation in the Arctic Sea may be said to be diffused 
over the sublitoral zone. But this general statement has a somewhat different signi- 
fication with regard to different parts of the Arctic Sea. The sublitoral zone certainly 
possesses everywhere the most vigorous and dense vegetation and that which is most 
rich in individuals, but with regard to the number of species the sublitoral vegetation 
in the Norwegian Polar Sea is poorer, in the other parts of the Arctic Sea, on the 
contrary, richer than that of any other bottom -zone. 
With the methods hitherto invented for the exploration of the marine vegetation, 
insurmountable difficulties are opposed to our gaining any sure knowledge of the nature 
of the vegetation in the elitoral zone. Those few specimens of algee which have some- 
times been brought up by the dredges from a greater depth than 40 fathoms only 
suffice to prove, according to my experience, that larger alge really occur on this part 
of the bottom. But they afford no information about the number of individuals and 
the general character of the vegetation. It seems to me to result from the investigations 
rarried on in the Arctic Sea, that by far the greatest part of the elitoral zone is destitute of 
alge, and that the vegetation found here and there is poor in species as well as individuals. 
I do not know of any species that has been found with certainty in the clitoral 
bottom-zone of the Norwegian Polar Sea. On the coast of Spitzbergen I have found 
') Cp. Ksetuman, Algenveg. Murm. Meer. pp. 58-—59. 
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