346 JOHN FRASER. 
tongue and race, and holds that Oceania has many distinct and 
independent languages, their connection with the Malay being 
superficial and recent. 
Then come the views of Wallace (H. R.) and Keane (A. H.). 
Wallace, in his ‘‘Malay Archipelago” (London, 1877, 6th edition), 
takes up a new and very different position. His words are worth 
quoting :—‘“‘ The Malayan race, as a whole, undoubtedly very 
closely resembles the East Asian population from Siam to Mand- 
chouria. . . . The descriptions of the brown Polynesian race 
beyond the Fijis often agree exactly with the characters of the 
brown indigenes of Gilolo and Ceram. It is to be especially 
remarked that the brown and the black Polynesian races closely 
resemble each other. Their features are almost identical, so that 
portraits of a New Zealander or Tahitian will often serve accu- 
rately to represent a Papuan or Timorese, the darker colour and 
more frizzly hair of the latter being the only differences. They 
are both tall races; they agree in their love of art and the style 
of their decorations ; they are energetic, demonstrative, joyous, 
laughter-loving ; and in all these particulars, they differ widely 
from the Malay. I believe, therefore, that the brown and the 
black, the Papuan and the Fijian, the inhabitants of the Sandwich 
Islands and those of New Zealand, are all varying forms of one 
great Oceanic or Polynesian race.” 
In Stanford’s “‘Compendium of Geography and Travel,” the 
volume on Australasia (London, 1879) is edited by Mr. Keane in 
conjunction with Mr. Wallace. Keane is inclined to agree with 
Forster’s opinion, but thinks that a Caucasian element had a large 
share in forming both the Malayan and the Polynesian races. In 
Malaysia, the mixture is Mongolian and Caucasian, the latter 
being the substratum ; but the Polynesians are mainly Caucasian. 
The present state of the question, then, is this :—There are four 
main theories as to the origin of the Polynesian race: (1.) The 
Malays and the Polynesians are two fragments of a disrupted race 
that once held the Indonesian area ; (2.) the Malay and the Poly- 
nesian races both come from a similar but independent mixture 
