26 THE FORMATION OF WORDS. 
T yivs tecampan beside Teytt  tumpan-tampan, 
one Je jamban beside Worcs jamban-jamban, 
ona jejenang beside Tae jenang-jenang 
oa bebram beside Te a bram-bram, 
no special mention need be made, but that they are found in 
various Malay languages, (cf. Tagalog laluki, male) and that they 
all belong to the first group of reduplications, those that express 
specialization and differentiation. 
Il. ANCIENT VOCATIVE FORMS. 
It may sound very much out of place to speak, in a lan- 
guage like Malay, which has neither declension nor conjugation, 
of a vocative case. Nor do I wish to imply, by the use of the 
expression, that the language has ever hada declension. Such 
a supposition appears to me altogether at variance with the gen- 
ius of the Malay language. But there is no doubt, that in 
several of the languages of this family we find a pecuhar change 
of form in words used in the address of persons, which 
may well be designated as vocatives, and this has been repeated- 
ly done by careful grammarians. It cannot be denied that a 
considerable number of these expressions, to Le presently men- 
tioned, have already lost their distinctly vocative character in 
Malay, while some forms are losing their character more and 
more. It may be said that, with one or two exceptions, the 
forms mentioned here, having yet a distinctive vocative mean- 
ing, belong to the language of the past and are preserved 
almost exclusively in court language or in the poetic style. 
Here is a list of the commoner of these expressions : 
pl anang, oh child! from anak ; Si 
#>\ ading, oh younger brother! from adek ; 
3\, Lapang, oh father! from bapa; 
e7% vapang P 
Jour. Straits Branch 
