THE FORMATION OF WORDS. 21 
Focal embong, eldest child! from emtok : 
eal indong, mother! from indok ; 
a=! achang, boy! messenger ! 
I add to these vocative forms words like the following : 
a abang, elder brother : ey inuny, Nurse (see examples from 
Batak below); pio duyang, maid ; ‘a any, aa hang, as pro- 
nouns of the second person ; » ~ sulong, eldest son: and with 
some diffidence I add the ancient names of divinities: ‘a 
yang and é- sang. All these words have distinct vocative 
forms, though they may have lost the vocative meaning, for it is 
easily seen, how these words, constantly used in the vocative. 
finally had to do duty for other cases also. 
We have forms corresponding exactly to these in Batak, 
and here in fullestevery day use. I mention only the following: 
amang, from dma, father! . 
indng, from ina, mother! (see inang in Malay); 
ompung, from dmpu, grandfather ! 
hahang, from hdha, elder brother or sister! (see Malay 
EN kakak) ; 
ttong, from zto, elder brother ! etc. 
The only expression denoting close relationship in Batak, 
which has no vocative form in use is anyy?, younger brother, 
though even this word becomes anyginy, when used in intercourse 
with younger friends, not brothers, just as 7téng (from zto) and 
thotong is used as an address to elder friends. 
In Malagasy all forms ending in ng have been changed, 
and this is the reason, I believe, why we have no formal voca- 
tives. The case of address is expressed as in modern Malay, 
by particles of exclamation. 
R. A. Soc,, No. 39, 1903. 
