‘28 THE FORMATION OF WORDS. 
In Tagalog, and this opinion is strengthened by the same 
tendency mentioned above of Malay, the vocative has gradually 
gained ascendancy over the other cases, so that all nouns and 
adjectives and pronouns add to their vocalic ending (also to 
final,n) the ending of the old vocative. So we have through- 
out the language. 
inang, mother, from ina ; 
amang, father, from ama ; 
panginoong, master, lord, from panginoon. In order, 
therefore to distinguish the proper vocative it is necessary to - 
add the particle of exclamation oy or ay, which corresponds to 
the Malay ($ he: or hav. 
Il]. ANCIENT ADJECTIVE FORMS. } 
Lexicographers, rather than grammarians, have noted the 
existence in Malay of some hitherto unexplained parallel forms, 
such as : ; 
pl malang beside ~ e alang ; 
ae\: | masing beside eel asing ; 
pie masam beside el asam ; 
Urls masin beside Orel asin (cf. Tagalog ma-asin), 
ci. malap beside _3\ alap 
An opinion regarding these forms, that they may be intro- 
ductions from the Javanese, is disproved on closer investigation. 
By comparison with other Malayan lavguages, however, 
we learn beyond doubt, that we possess in these and a few 
other expressions highly interesting adjective forms. The need, 
in Malay, of a special form for adjectives must have certainly 
been felt, especially as the common forms used by us in that sense 
are indistinguishable from nouns. Though custom has given, 
to mention but one example, to besar the meaning of the ad- 
jective “ great, large,” it must not be forgotten that im very 
many uses of the word it is a distinct noun. Take the follow- 
ing sentences : 
Jour. Straits Branch 
