1654. 
270 BRITISH CONNECTION WITH MALAYA. 
querors or settlers in Malacca and elsewhere (1510-11) ; by the 
Spanish in the Manilas (1571); by the Dutch in Bantam (1596), 
Amboyna (1609); a little later Batavia was occupied (1619), 
and later still Banda (1627), and Padang (1660). No factories had, 
before this last date, been established in Sumatra, Borneo. or on 
the Hast Coast of the Malay Peninsula. On the Malacca side of the 
Peninsula the Dutch had already opened factories in Pérak, Kédah 
and Junk Ceylon. 
This period consists exclusively of individual enterprises of a 
non-political character. These enterprises were almost wholly 
concerned with the pepper-trade in Bantam and the spice-trade in 
Banda, Amboyna, Ternate and Tidore. These were the local 
names then most familiar in England, and are to be found in Mit- 
ron’s “ Paradise Lost,’ in Drypsy, in Crarenpoy’s History, &e. 
There were also ventures to Bantam and the coast of Sumatra 
for pepper, and to the northern parts of the Peninsula for tin and 
pepper. The English E. I. Company, though it did not promote 
them, and before long began to oppose them, took advantage of 
these enterprises In some cases. For instance, after LancasTEr’s 
visit to Bantam in i602, the Company established a factory there. 
As to political status; our merchants were entirely excluded 
from it by the older settlers—the Portuguese and Spaniards, 
und afterwards the Dutch. When they were admitted, as at Ban- 
tam and Amboyna, into a kind of alliance with the Dutch, it was 
always one of subordination, even before the latter became para- 
mount through the capture of Malacca by the allied Dutch and 
Achinese (1641). After that event, the Dutch supremacy was, of 
course, more exclusive. No satisfaction could be obtained, either 
before or after 1641, for the ‘ Massacre of Amboyna, ” though 
the story excited some indignation in England for many years. 
The next period (1684-1762) is one of mixed commercial and 
political intercourse, promoted, and as far as possible monopolised, 
by the East India Company,—commerce being still first and fore- 
most in the consideration of all, both at home and abroad. 
The long Naval Wars with the Dutch, which terminated in 1674 
were looked. upon with little satisfaction in England, but they 
