76 GARU AND CHANDAN. 



selling it, perhaps he found them adulterating- it, as they do to 

 this day. Mr. Bland's varieties are named Chandan, Tandok, 

 Menjulong-ulong (Jenjolong in Selangor according- to Skeat, is 

 this Julong-Julong, Agrostistachys longifolia Benth?), Sikat, Sikat 

 Lampam, Bulu Rusa, Kemandangan, Wangkang, to which Skeat 

 adds Garu Isi Kang Tua, Garu Tutor, Garu Dedap, Garu Kun- 

 dur, and Garu Akar. The last four of these are said by Skeat 

 to be useless for market purposes and it may be doubted whether 

 the six last in Bland's list are derived from any Aquilaria as the 

 wood of most is described as whitish or yellow, fibrous and light. 

 Perhaps the Garu Akar of Skeat's list is Getah Gaharu (Willugli- 

 beia coriacea). Chandan is a distinct tree but I have seen typi- 

 cal specimens of Garu called Chandan also. There are several 

 other jungle trees which produce incense wood besides the 

 Aquilarias, among them Acronychia laurifolia (Rutaceoe) the Men- 

 tua Keminiyan. The Garu tree is called by the Malays, Karas, 

 Tuikaras, Tengkaras, Kakaras. Skeat also gives Tabak or, long 

 Tabak as a name used by the Sakais and also as the Pantang 

 Gharu word of the Pawangs. Pomet (Histoire des Drogues) 

 gives also the word Tambac, as a name for the drug, which may 

 be the same word. 



The history of the popular names for the wood is curious. 

 The earliest name is the Hebrew Ahalim, which is probably con- 

 nected with the Agalukhi of the Arabs, whence Agallochon of the 

 Greeks and Romans. Hence comes the name Agel wood, Eagle 

 wood, the Portuguese Pao de Aquila, and the genus name Aquilaria. 

 It was also called by the Arabs Ud (wood), or Alud, hence Aloe- 

 wood, Lignaloes, which so confused the early druggists that they 

 thought the Aloe- wood came from the plant which produced 

 Aloes. Garu is from the Sanskrit Aquaru. Kalambak is the 

 name commonly given by Malays to the best class of Garu. 

 Rurnph derives it from Kilam or Hokilam, the Chinese name for 

 the tree, and Bac, which means knots or buds. Loureiro gives 

 Chinhiam and Manhiam as Cochin-Chinese for the plant. Favre 

 gives as connected words Halombak (Battak), a sort of wood of 

 which they make beers, and Kalamba ("Macassar), which is evi- 

 dently a mere form of Kalambac. Miquel says it is called Halim 

 in Sumatra. Another old name for Garu was Paradise wood, 

 because it was supposed to be drifted down rivers from Paradise. 



