THE EVOLUTION OF THE EYEBROW REGION OF THE FOREHEAD. 



303 



see in the other figures (see fig. 1, PI. X., Cunningham Memoir No. 2, Royal Irish 

 Academy, 1886). 



Instructive tracings of the frontal bone, which show in some measure the relation of 

 the torus supraorbitalis to the roof of the orbit, are given by Schwalbe for the Neander- 

 thal cranium and by Sollas for the Gibraltar cranium. In these the outline of the 

 posterior surface of the bone is not represented, and thus it is not possible to estimate 

 the precise extent of orbital wall which is formed by the torus. Still, by these tracings, 

 and also by an examination of the cast of the Neanderthal cranium, it is evident that in 

 this respect the Neanderthal race presents a very marked approach to the pithecoid type 

 On this point I am in complete agreement with Schwalbe. In no recent human cranium 

 is the orbital roof so largely formed by the supraorbital projection of the frontal bone. 



Fig. 10. — Sagittal section through the mid-point of 

 the supraorbital arch of the New South Wales 

 cranium (xxix. B. 1). 



Fig. 11. — Tracing of the frontal bone of the Neanderthal 

 cranium at the mid-point of the supraorbital 

 arch. (From Schwalbe, "Zur Frage der Abstain- 

 mung des Menschen," fig. 4, p. 22.) 



Nevertheless, specimens are met with which present some similarity to the Neander- 

 thal cranium in this character. The New South Wales cranium (xxix. B. l) to which 

 we have so frequently referred is a case in point. A section through the frontal bone of 

 this specimen in a sagittal plane corresponding to the mid-point of the torus supra- 

 orbitalis is shown in fig. 10, and when this is compared with Schwalbe's tracing of 

 the same region in the Neanderthal cranium (fig. 11) a decided resemblance is apparent. 

 To Schwalbe's tracing I have added by a dotted line what may be regarded as indicating 

 the approximate position of the posterior surface of the frontal bone, or in other words 

 the outline of the cerebrum. If this has been accurately represented (and I think that, 

 when it is contrasted with the drawing of the New South Wales specimen, it will be 

 admitted that it cannot be very far wrong), the maximum length of the pre-cerebral 

 part of the roof of the orbit in the Neanderthal is 20 mm., and in the New South Wales 

 cranium 16 mm. 



