442 PRINCIPAL SIR WM. TURNER ON 



the frontal, which they joined by a narrow articulation, definitely ascended beyond the 

 upper ends of the ascending processes of the superior maxillae at their articulation with 

 the internal orbital processes. In modern man, again, the fronto-nasal suture was 

 relatively broad and almost in the same transverse plane as the articulations of the 

 maxilla? with the internal orbitals, though I have sometimes seen the suture a little 

 higher in both the white and black races. So far as one can judge from casts, a similar 

 condition existed in the Neanderthal and Spy skulls. 



I have found it difficult to accept Klaatsch's view of the morphology of the nasals ; 

 so that in measuring their length in man and the anthropoids, I have proceeded on 

 the basis that the nasal bones belonged to the nose and that the fronto-nasal suture was 

 its upper limit. I have also followed the same course in measuring the height of the 

 nose, one of the two factors required for computing the nasal index. 



The relation between the height of the nose, measured from the fronto-nasal suture 

 to the base of the maxillo-nasal spine, and the greatest width of the anterior nares 

 constitutes an important factor in craniometry. Two widely distinct types — one with 

 a relatively long and narrow nose, called leptorhine, such as is the customary form in 

 Europeans ; the other with a relatively short and wide nose, platyrhine, such as is 

 common in the black races — are recognised, whilst an intermediate mesorhine type is not 

 unfrequently seen. I have examined the skulls of the anthropoid apes from this point 

 of view and have computed a nasal index. The obliteration of the fronto-nasal suture 

 in the adult chimpanzee and gorilla interfered with the exact determination of the 

 height of the nose, so that with them I could obtain it only approximately, though 

 it can be definitely stated in the young skulls. Keeping this in view, the mean nasal 

 index in the two adult chimpanzees was 54, and in the two young specimens 48 "4. In 

 the gorilla the index in four adults was below 48, and in a fifth 50 "6, and the mean 

 was 45*1 ; in one of the two young specimens the index was 47*3, in the other 50. In 

 three adult orangs the highest nasal index was 45*4, and the mean was 44*7 ; in one of 

 the two young ones the index was 46*9, in the other 62*5. In one of the two gibbons 

 in which the suture was visible the nasal index was 45, in the other 57 '1. 



If we employ the divisions of the nasal index which Broca and Flower suggested, 

 and which I have adopted in my series of craniometrical memoirs, the mean nasal index 

 in the gorilla and the orangs was below 48, that is, leptorhine, whilst the mean in two 

 adult chimpanzees was 54. that is, platyrhine. When these indices are compared 

 with the measurements of human crania, and taking the Scottish crania which I 

 have measured as illustrating the white races, the mean index in them was 42*5, i.e. 

 leptorhine. In the Australians, again, the mean nasal index was platyrhine, and the 

 occurrence of a nose with a leptorhine index was so rare that one was tempted to 

 express a doubt of its authenticity. In my series of Tasmanian crania, the platyrhine 

 character was strongly marked, a feature which prevailed in the black races generally. 

 From this comparison it would appear that the chimpanzees in their nasal index 

 approximated more to the black races, and the gorilla and orang more to the white 



