452 PRINCIPAL SIR WM. TURNER ON 



have measured of the lower types of existing men. My measurements of the cranial 

 cavity of five adult male gorillas, the largest of the anthropoid apes, gave a range 

 from 410 c.c. to 590 c.c, the mean being 494 c.c.* Their mean capacity therefore is 

 less than one-half of the mean of the Tasmanians and Australians as well as much 

 below that of paleolithic man. 



The comparison of the crania of the Tasmanians with their near neighbours the 

 aborigines of Australia, with Scottish crania as illustrating an important European 

 type, with the remains of palaeolithic man and with the anthropoid apes, leads to the 

 following conclusions. 



Europeans exhibited more closely than Australians and Tasmanians the characters 

 of anthropoid apes in the rounded form of the orbital aperture and high orbital index ; 

 in the appearance of the nasion ; in the length of the nasal bones ; in the greater 

 relative height of the nose which gave leptorhine proportions to them and to the gorilla 

 and orang. 



On the other hand Australians and Tasmanians exhibited more closely than 

 Europeans anthropoid characters in the tendency to have the glabella, superciliary 

 ridges and supraorbital borders massive ; in the keel to the bridge of the nose being 

 absent or imperfect ; in the presence of crista and fossa prsenasalis and margo infranasalis 

 at the anterior nares ; in the rudimentary maxillo-nasal spine ; in the prognathic upper 

 jaw ; in the greater diameters of the crowns of the teeth ; in the tendency to a mesial 

 ridge in the cranial vault ; in the smaller size of the cranial box and of its cubic 

 capacity ; in the stronger development of the torus occipitalis ; in the feeble projection 

 of the chin and of the mastoid processes. 



Richard Owen in his series of classical memoirs " On the Osteology of the Anthropoid 

 Apes " t compared the characters of their skeletons with each other and with man. 

 Whilst in some details of structure the Chimpanzee approximated to man, in other 

 respects the Orang was more allied and in others the Gorilla ; so that, amongst existing 

 species, no ape could be regarded in all its structural characters as approaching nearer 

 to man than any other anthropoid. There is no foundation therefore for the view that 

 man is in direct descent from an existing species of ape. 



In the general summary of the osteological characters of the human skeletons 

 described in my Challenger Repoit\ I stated that from their comparative study, 

 evidence did not exist that any one race dominated in all its characters over other 

 races ; or that any one race in all its characters was lower than other races. There 

 did not seem to be a graded arrangement, such as would warrant the statement that 

 the white races, which we assume to be the most highly developed, had been derived, 



* " Distinctive Characters of Human Structure," up. cit. ; also on Pithecanthropus (Jourti. Anat. and Phys., 1895, 

 vol. xxix. p. 424). The capacity of the orang is about 408 c.c. ; of the chimpanzee, about 421 c.c 1 have 

 measured female Australian skulls with a capacity between 930 and 998 c.c, and recently a Dravidian Jihecl 

 skull, 940 c.c. 



t Tram. Zool. Soc, London, vols, ii.-v., 1841-1866. 



| Zoology, |>art xlvii. p. 119, 1886. 



