MALAY LAND TENURE. 103 



" yield and what is the assessed tenth. These Clerks are 

 " ignorant, and the correctness of their returns is not checked 

 " in any way. They are entirely dependent upon the Pang- 

 iC hulu for information as to the names of occupiers and the 

 " extent of their cultivation. These may vary annually, for it 

 " is the cultivator (not necessarily the proprietor, but possibly 

 " a tenant for the season only) who has to pay the tenth, and 

 " only a portion of a given holding may be under cultivation." 

 " "When the Clerk has finished his assessment of a district, 

 " a copy of his return is made out in Malay and sent to the 

 " Panghulu. The latter collects the money from the ryots 

 " and pays it to the Land Office, receiving a commission of ten 

 " per cent, on the amounts collected. This procedure is sanc- 

 " tioned by custom only and not by law. There is no sum- 

 " mary method of punishing a cultivator who cuts his crop 

 " before it has been assessed, or a Panghulu who fails to attend 

 " the valuation Clerk, or the Panghulu, or Clerk, who makes 

 " a dishonest assessment or return/'* 



Chapter Y. 



SUB-TENANCY. 



i( Persons," says the Malacca Code, " who settle on the 

 " lands or plantations of others, must obey the. orders of the 

 " proprietor, and if they oppose him, they may be fined ten 

 " tahils and one paha. It is the duty of all the dwellers on 

 :e the land to co-operate with the proprietor. " 



* Proceedings of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements for 1883, 

 p. 392. 



