MALAY LAND TENURE. 148 



" Government land is not expressly limited by law to one-fifth. 

 " but is settled at that rate with the village chief for the whole 

 " village, and must be paid in money. The one-fifth of pro- 

 " duce on private estates is generally taken by the landlords 

 " from each cottier in kind. The labour rent on crown lands 

 " is mostly employed on the roads and public works. On pri- 

 '■ vate estates the labour rent is generally applied by the land- 

 " owner to the cultivation of such parts of his property as he 

 " keeps in his own hand. In other respects the produce and 

 " labour rents are paid to Government or to a private landlord 

 " as follows : — 



"Labour Rent. — Every cottier, whether on Government 

 " land or on a private estate, gives his one day's gratuitous 

 "labour in every seven to his landlord, according to the roster 

 " kept by the elected village chief. As this gratuitous labour 

 "*' is a part of the rent for land yielding produce, it is not pay- 

 " able by the artisan, or by any one holding house property 

 " only. So also, as only one-seventh of labour is due by each 

 " family, the head of the family alone is borne on the roster, 

 " but, any competent grown member of the family, or other 

 i: substitute, performs the labour for him. Although when 

 ••' the yearly appropriation of village lands takes place, a large 

 " family gets more than a small one, still only one-seventh of 

 " one man's labour is due by that family, however large. The 

 " result very generally is, that, in each village, the house- 

 " holders employ some few day labourers to do the gratuitous 

 <( labour for the whole village, for which they receive a cer- 

 •'■ tain daily payment from the villagers. By constant work on 

 " the Government roads and irrigation embankments, or on 

 "■ the landowner's private farm, these men become good hands, 

 "the villagers get off their one-seventh of labour for a small 

 " payment, and thus every one is satisfied/'' 



" Produce Rent. — When the rice crop is ripe, but before it is 

 " cut, it is assessed by agreement both as to quantity and 

 " value between the cottier tenant and the landlord. In case 

 " of agreement both as to quantity and value, the peasant is 

 '-' left to cut down and -sell his crop, and has to pay the amount 

 " agreed on four months after harvest. If the landlord re- 



