I I 



lished in [819, that it then grew in woods at Manhattanville, a 

 region long since built over by the advancing city. It also oc- 

 curred in woods near the extreme northern part of Manhattan 

 Uiand. opposite Spuyten Duyvil. On Long Island, a few wild 

 trees are recorded from Prospect Park, and others from Suffolk 

 County. A single wild tree onlj is known in the Borough of 

 Richmond, standing in woods near Arlington. The must southern 

 station in the state of New Jersey is along the Delaware River 

 near Burlington, and the tree is not known to occur in the eastern 

 part of that state from Sandy 1 look southward. It will thus be 

 seen that the hemlock spruce is mainly an inhabitant of regions 

 of lower average temperature than that of the Bronx, and its 

 occurrence at our latitude is doubtless governed by local condi- 

 tions. It is much more abundant and reaches greater dimensions 

 to the north of us and in the mountains; it does not. however, 

 extend northward into the subarctic regions and to the tops of 

 high mountains as the firs and true spruces do, but has its northern 

 limit in Nova Scotia and ( hitario and does not ascend the Adi- 

 rondack^ much above 2,000 feet. The immediate relatives of our 

 tree included with it in the genus Tsuga are six. three of them 

 North American, and three Asiatic. 



1. The Carolina hemlock spruce ( Tsuga Caroliniana) found in 

 the Alleghany Mountains from southwestern Virginia to South 

 Carolina, differs in having larger cones, the ripe scales of which 

 spread out from the axis, and its branches droop rather stronglj ; 

 it forms a trunk up to eighty feet in height. 



2. The western hemlock spruce ( Tsuga heterophylla ) has 

 cones resting immediately upon the twigs, rather than short- 

 stalked, as in the two eastern kinds, and is the largest of them all, 

 becoming 200 feet high with a trunk ten feet in diameter; it 

 inhabits northwestern America from California to Alaska, form- 

 ing great forests. 



3. The mountain hemlock spruces | Tsuga Mertensiana ) is a 

 mountain tree ranging from Montana to Washington and southern 

 Alaska ; the leaves of this tree are convex on the upper side instead 

 of flat, as in the other American species. 



4. The northern Japanese hemlock spruce (Tsuga diversifolia) 

 forms mountain forests in central and northern Japan and appar- 

 ently arrows also in China. 



5. The southern Japanese hemlock spruce (Tsuga Araragi) in- 

 habits southern Japan. 



6. The Himalayan hemlock spruce ( Tsuga dumosa 1 is a large 

 forest tree of high altitudes in central Asia. 



