INSECT PESTS OF CIGAR-TYPE TOBACCOS 4] 
than the ordinary bait but remains soft and apparently more palata- 
ble over a longer period. 
The number of poisoned-bait applications necessary in a shade field 
will depend on the degree of the infestation and on the length of 
the emergence period. Under the usual conditions one or two appli- 
cations are sufficient to rid a shade field of these pests. If emergence 
continues over a considerable period, as many as four applications 
are sometimes necessary. If a heavy rain immediately follows an 
application of the bait, it will be ineffective and should be repeated. 
Grasshoppers may be controlled very effectively on newly set 
tobacco by applications of barium fluosilicate in the dust form. This 
poison is also effective against flea beetles and may be used for con- 
trolling joint outbre aks of these two species of insects on young 
shade-grown tobacco as described on page 30 of this circular. 
CONTROL IN OPEN TOBACCO FIELDS 
Controlling grasshoppers in open tobacco fields is a more difficult 
task than within walled shade fields. Fortunately insect feeding on 
tobacco grown for cigar filler or binder is of less importance than 
on tobacco to be used for cigar wrappers. Heavy infestations of 
grasshoppers, however, may cause considerable damage to the filler 
and binder types. Such infestations can be greatly reduced at small 
expense by applications of the poisoned-bran bait. The bait should 
be scattered over the infested fields as recommended for shade-grown 
tobacco. If grasshoppers are coming into tobacco fields from sur- 
rounding fields, the bait should also be scattered over a 100-yard-wide 
strip of these fields next to the tobacco. When grasshoppers are 
very abundant about three applications may be needed. An attempt 
should be made to control the insects while they are small and before 
the tobacco has made much growth. 
As a precautionary measure it is advisable to keep poultry out of all 
fields where the poisoned bait is used. 
DESTRUCTION OF GRASSHOPPER EGGS 
Late in the fall or during the winter months all tobacco land should 
be thoroughly plowed or disked to prevent, as far as possible, spring 
emergence of young grasshoppers. Grassy borders and nearby road- 
sides should also receive attention. Since the egg pods are usually 
found in the first 2 inches of surface soil, the eround should be plowed 
_to a depth of at least 5 inches. The main object of plowing is to 
bury the eggs so deeply that the young grasshoppers are unable to 
make their way to the surface. Eggs that may be brought to the sur- 
face by cultivation will be exposed ‘to the unfavorable “drying action 
of the sunshine and wind, and to the attacks of their natural enemies. 
While winter cultivation will not destroy all the eggs or young grass- 
hoppers present in the ground, this practice will assist mater ‘ially j m 
reducing the numbers of these pests. 
THE Tosacco TurIpPs 
The tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) ) causes consider- 
able injury to cigar-wrapper tobacco during abnormally dry growing 
