INSECTS INJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE IN JAPAN 41 



Upon citron the eggs are deposited singly in the ripening fruit, 

 usually below the middle of the fruit, and very few are found at 

 either the stem or the calyx end. As many as 10 oviposition scars have 

 been observed upon a single pomelo in the field, but 4 was the aver- 

 age for all of those examined. 



The larvae burrow about in the fruit and when mature leave it 

 and drop to the ground if the fruit is still on the tree. Infested 

 fruits, however, usually fall about the time the larvae reach maturity. 

 At the time of leaving the fruit the larvae are very active and are able 

 to spring 2 or 3 feet into the air when disturbed. In clay soil the 

 puparium is formed about half an inch below the surface, but under 

 sandy conditions the larvae may penetrate to a depth of 4 or 5 inches 

 before pupating. 



The adult females have a relatively short life if suitable fruits are 

 available in which they may oviposit, but where these are lacking, 

 particularly during the winter, life may be prolonged to four months 

 or more. Feeding takes place chiefly upon the juices of injured or 

 decaying fruits. The most favorable time for oviposition is during 

 the afternoon on warm and cloudy days, but in the early morning in 

 case of bright sunshine. 



Control experiments were conducted with poison sprays, and a 

 spray containing sugar and lead arsenate was found to give fairly 

 good results, though complete control was not effected, owing, doubt- 

 less, to the fact that some females oviposited before feeding upon 

 the poison. Inclosing each fruit in a paper bag resulted in 93 per 

 cent of them being free from injury, as compared with only 50 per 

 cent in the case of unprotected fruit. The bags are usually placed 

 upon the fruit in July. The main objection to the use of bags is 

 the fact that the development of various scale insects upon the fruit 

 itself is greatly increased. 



The gryllid Br achy try pes portentosus (169) at times causes con- 

 siderable damage to seedling orange trees in Taiwan, but is of little 

 consequence upon bearing trees. This species is of most importance 

 as a pest of melons, and an account is given of the species among 

 those attacking truck crops. 



Termes (Cyelotermes) formosanus (133) occasionally damages 

 orange trees in Taiwan, plastering the trunks and branches with 

 mud in the construction of its galleries. It is, however, primarily 

 a pest of tea. 



The scale insects added to the previous list (11) comprise Coccus 

 elongatus (G. longulus Doug.), leery ai aegyptiaewn, Ohrysomphalus 

 aonidum, Lepidosaphes pallida, and Parlatoria zizyphus. These 

 species are mentioned (169) as infesting citrus in Taiwan, though 

 usually not causing serious injury. Another, Parlatoria theae, is 

 recorded from Japan. 



leery a seychellarum (I. ohadae Kuw.) (65, 133, 134, 169) is com- 

 mon in the southern part of Japan and in Taiwan, and in the latter 

 island at times causes serious injury to orange. There is a single 

 generation each year in Japan, and the winter is passed by the 

 females in the mature stage. Oviposition begins early in June, and 

 the eggs hatch within a few hours, in fact, living young are at times 

 produced. This species does not show the tendency to congregate 



