52 CIRCULAR 16 8, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



N. apicdlis var. cincticeps {151) is very injurious in all of Japan, 

 except Hokkaido, as well as in Chosen, Taiwan, and Okinawa. It 

 is also a pest of wheat, and attacks sugarcane and other graminaceous 

 plants. There are four generations per year in Japan (96). The 

 winter is passed in the nymphal and adult stages, and the latter ap- 

 pear in the field in May. with the succeeding broods at intervals of 

 about five weeks. In May the adults are found in numbers in the 

 seed beds, where they deposit their eggs singly in longitudinal slits 

 at the bases of the steins. These hatch in about 10 days. The first 

 brood develops entirely in the seed bed, whereas the following ones 

 are in the paddy fields. Owing to extraction of considerable quanti- 

 ties of sap from the plant the quality of grain produced is inferior. 

 In the seed bed the adults may be collected by net if not too abun- 

 dant, but where they are very numerous the plot is first flooded with 

 water to a depth of 1 inch and the surface then covered with a film of 

 kerosene, about 1 gallon being used for an area of 1.200 square yards. 

 As soon as the oil is applied the nymphs and adults are caused to 

 fall or jump into the water by striking the plants with sticks or 

 branches. This method is in common use in Japan proper and in 

 Chosen. In the paddy fields it is practiced only where the infesta- 

 tion is particularly heavy. With dry or upland rice, which is grown 

 without irrigation, trays of kerosene are held under the plant while 

 it is shaken, or beaten with a light branch. 



Cicadula fasciifrons (151) is one of the most serious rice insects 

 in Japan and Chosen, occurring also in Taiwan and China. It 

 attacks also wheat, oats, etc. Several broods are produced each year, 

 and the winter is passed in the nymphal stage. The eggs are laid 

 singly in the stem upon which the young nymphs feed. This feeding 

 causes characteristic yellow spots, the leaves soon becoming uni- 

 formly yellow in color and much weakened. In the fall the eggs are 

 laid upon an undetermined weed, and the nymphs of this genera- 

 tion develop largely upon it alone. Control measures are the same 

 as for the preceding species. 



The two fulgorids Delphax (Liburiii-a) furcifera and Liburnia 

 oryzae (151, 186) are very serious pests of rice in Japan and Chosen. 

 The first is most abundant and injurious in Chosen during the last 

 half of August, and the second species during September. There 

 are three or four broods a year, and the winter is passed in the 

 nymphal stage. The eggs are laid in rows of from 7 to 15 longi- 

 tudinally under the leaf sheath. The time required for incubation 

 ranges from 5 days at 80° F. to 21 days at 60° F., and the nymphal 

 period during the summer covers about 3 weeks. The adults 

 appear toward the end of April, and they may be found continu- 

 ously until the end of September. The nymphs and adults feed 

 both on the leaves and stem, the plants often being killed, but where 

 this does not occur the proper maturing of the grain is prevented. 

 These species are particularly abundant during hot and dry summers, 

 the damage at these times amounting to a considerable proportion 

 of the crop. Usually, however, the loss is not quite so great as 

 that caused by Chilo simplex. 



Three species of termites are recorded as pests of rice in Taiwan 

 (84-), these being Termes (Cyclotermes) formosanu-s, Capritermes 

 sulcatus (nitobei /Shir.), and Procapritermes mushae. The first is 

 discussed elsewhere as an important pest of tea, but it attacks rice 



