30 CIECTJLAE 16 8, U. S. DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTUEE 



entirely defoliated by it. Two broods are produced each year, the 

 adults of the first appearing in May and those of the second in Au- 

 gust. The winter is passed in the mature larval stage within cocoons 

 upon the twigs and larger branches. The eggs are laid in masses of 

 TOO or more upon the leaves of the lower branches. In the early 

 stages the larvae are gregarious and feed upon the undersurface of 

 the leaf only, but later they separate. Control may be brought about 

 by the collection of cocoons during the winter, by the collection of 

 the colonies of larvae during their early stages, and by the prevention 

 of migration by banding. It is also recommended that mixed plant- 

 ing of persimmon and Aleurites be avoided, as the latter is also a 

 favored host. 



The oriental moth, Cnidocampa flavescens, is a common pest of 

 persimmon in central Honshu and Kyushu. It is discussed among the 

 insects attacking pear (p. 21). 



The cerambycid Clytus caproides (95) is at times found boring in 

 the trunk and larger branches. There is one generation each year, 

 and the adults appear in June and July. 



In Japan one of the most important pests of persimmon is the 

 coccid Lepidosaphes tubulorum (69), which occurs also upon pear, 

 various species of Primus, grape, etc. Among the Coccidae, the 

 mealybugs (Pseudococcus spp.) are often found in numbers under 

 the lobes at the stem end, but seldom in sufficient numbers to cause 

 injury, and Ceroplastes florid-emis and 0. cerifemi<s are usually found 

 upon the twigs. Phenacoccus pergandei is also a common pest. L. 

 tiibuloimm, however, is the only one among the scale insects against 

 which control measures are necessary. 



MULBERRY INSECTS 



Though the mulberry is here listed as a matter of convenience 

 among the deciduous fruits, it is grown in all sections of the Far 

 East, almost entirely for the production of leaves for the feeding 

 of silkworms, and practically never for fruit. Owing to this fact, 

 the trees are not permitted to grow to their normal form, but the 

 branches are trimmed back each year to the main trunk, which is 

 usually from 4 to 5 feet in height, or they may be cut back almost 

 to the ground. The new foliage produced is thus greater in quantity, 

 and the leaves are larger and more succulent and are within easy 

 reach for frequent gathering for feeding purposes. The above man- 

 ner of growth has an important bearing upon the attacks of several 

 insect species, as will be discussed later. 



The major pests of mulberry in Japan (6, 199) and Chosen are 

 Diamsia imparilis, Margaronia pyloalis, Boarmia atnlineata, Dip- 

 losis momvorella, D. quadrifasciata* Melanauster chinensis, and Sin- 

 oxylon japonicum. According to Maki (SI), the more important 

 ones in Taiwan are Margaronia pyloalis, Prodenia litura, Orgyla 

 postica, Apriona rugicollis, Psacothea hilaris, Xylebo'rus morivorella, 

 Psylla sp., Aulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcus citri, Aleurodes sp., 

 and Rhaphidothrips sp., though a considerable number of others of 

 minor importance are recorded. Yokoyama (211) in a recent pub- 

 lication lists 115 species in Taiwan and 97 from Japan as attacking 

 this host. 



