INSECTS INJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE IN JAPAN 29 



Anthonomus bifasciatits has recently been recorded (200) as feed- 

 ing in the larval stage in cherry seeds in northern Japan, the adults 

 emerging at the end of September. It is also common in central 

 Honshu. 



An undetermined dipteron (127) is recorded as causing severe 

 injury to cherry fruits in Honshu. 



The sawfly Eriocampoides matsumotonis (16, 19, 21) is a serious 

 pest of peach and pear in Okayama, Nagano, and Gifu Prefectures 

 and attacks also plum and cherry. According to Harukawa there 

 are three generations a year, the adults of the different broods ap- 

 pearing in June, late July to the middle of August, and September, 

 respectively. The larvae of the first brood are found in the field 

 during July, those of the second during August, and those of the 

 third in late September and early October. The first-generation 

 life cycle averages 41 days and the second 35.6 days, but the third 

 includes those larvae which pass the winter in cocoons in the soil. 

 Some larvae of the second brood may also carry over the winter. 

 The cocoons are usually located less than 1 inch below the surface 

 of the soil. The eggs are laid singly beneath the epidermis of the 

 upper side of the leaf, though inserted from the lower side, and 

 hatch in from 8 to 10 days. The larvae feed upon the upper epi- 

 dermis only. Very few of the larvae from unfertilized eggs become 

 adults, most of them dying in the cocoons, but such as do emerge 

 are males. The method of attack and form of injury by this species 

 are similar to those of the common pear slug of the same genus in 

 Europe and North America. Clean culture and midwinter tillage 

 to kill the larvae in the soil are recommended as control measures. 



Among the scale insects by far the most important species upon 

 peach, plum, and cherry (121), particularly the first, is the white 

 peach scale, Aulacaspis pentagona, which occurs generally through- 

 out Japan, Chosen, Taiwan, and China. It is particularly injurious 

 in southwestern Honshu and Kyushu, and many orchards have been 

 observed where the trunks and branches of the younger trees were 

 completely covered by the scale, making them conspicuously white. 

 The San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosv\s, is at times a serious pest 

 on these trees in the southwestern sections of Honshu. 



PERSIMMON INSECTS 



The most serious pest of the persimmon in Japan is the cosmop- 

 terygid moth Kakivoria flavofasciata (116), the damage at times 

 being so extensive as to prevent the ripening of a single fruit upon 

 the trees. According to Fujimoto (15) there are two broods a year, 

 the first brood of adults appearing in May and June and the second 

 in July and August. The eggs are deposited on the buds at the base 

 of the leaf petiole, or between them. Upon hatching, the young 

 larvae penetrate into the bud and later make their way to the fruit. 

 Each larva may attack several fruits, thus increasing the amount of 

 injury. Pupation occurs in the calyx cavity or, in the case of the 

 overwintering brood, beneath strips of bark. The winter is passed 

 in the mature larval stage in the cocoon. The sweet varieties of per- 

 simmon are particularly susceptible to attack. Satisfactory preven- 

 tion of attack is secured by bagging the fruit. 



An undetermined black limacodid (190) is a serious pest of per- 

 simmon and Aleurites in central Japan, and the trees are often 



