20 CIRCULAR 16 8, U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE 



and occasional^ may become abundant. It attacks practically all 

 deciduous fruits. There are two broods a year, the first brood of 

 adults appearing in June and the second at the end of July. The 

 winter is passed in the pupal stage in the soil. A. rumicis is also 

 found upon pear and other fruits. This species is recorded as an 

 occasional pest of cotton in Turkestan. 



Pangrapta obscurata is found upon apple and pear in Aomori 

 Prefecture, at the northern extremity of Honshu, and at times 

 causes some injury. The life history has been studied by Nishiya 

 {129) , who records two broods per year, with the adults of the first 

 brood appearing in early June and those of the second the middle 

 of August. Pupation occurs in crevices in the trunk, and the winter 

 is passed in the pupal stage. When control is necessary it may be 

 effected by the collection and destruction of these pupae during the 

 winter. 



Taeniocampa incerta (128) has been noted in Aomori Prefecture 

 as attacking apple and cherry. Its distribution is apparently gen- 

 eral through the Far East. There is one brood per year, and the 

 winter is passed in the pupal stage in the soil. The adults appear 

 the last half of April and shortly thereafter deposit their eggs upon 

 the foliage. Maturity is reached early in June, and pupation occurs 

 in August. The remedy suggested for the control, where the species 

 becomes abundant, is the shaking of the larvae from the tree on to 

 cloths and destroying them. 



The gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar, is common and at times abun- 

 dant in Hokkaido and Chosen as a pest of apple, pear, and cherry in 

 addition to the various forest trees which it attacks. In Hokkaido 

 it is one of the common pests of apple, and control is largely effected 

 by the collection of the egg masses during the winter. 



Porthetria mathura, primarily a pest of forest trees, at times be- 

 comes an orchard pest. According to Nishiya (130) this species ap- 

 peared upon apple trees in Aomori Prefecture in 1918 in such num- 

 bers as to cause complete defoliation in many orchards. The eggs 

 are usually laid upon the trunks of pine trees adjoining the orchards. 

 The larvae in the spring migrate to the apple trees and feed upon 

 the opening buds and later upon the mature foliage. 



Orgyia gonostigma (95) is another lymantriid found at times at- 

 tacking apple, pear, and cherrj^. It is distributed over Hokkaido 

 and Honshu in Japan proper and over Chosen and Manchuria, and 

 westward to Europe. There are two broods a year in Hokkaido, 

 the adults of the first brood appearing in July and those of the sec- 

 ond in September. The winter is passed in the partially grown 

 larval stages concealed under bark or in rubbish beneath the tree. 

 These larvae emerge in the spring and feed upon the young foliage. 

 Control, when necessary, is the same as for other members of this 

 family. 



Orgyia thyellina, occurring in Japan and Chosen as a minor pest 

 of apple, pear, cherry, and mulberry, has two generations a year. 

 In Hokkaido the adults of the first generation appear in July and 

 August, and those of the second in September and October, whereas 

 in central Honshu they appear about one month earlier. Two fe- 

 male forms are found, the one normal and the other semiapterous. 

 The eggs of O. gonostigma bear a felted covering, whereas those of 

 this species have none. 



