18 CIRCULAR 16 8, U. S. DEFAETZUEXT OF AGRICULTURE 



during July and August and the destruction of the colonies of 

 larvae during the early spring. 



Kuwayama {73) has recorded two species of Coleophora (0. rdgri- 

 cella and C. malic or ell a) as occurring upon apple in Hokkaido. 

 The latter is the well-known eastern pistol casebearer of the United 

 States. The life cycles of the two species are identical in northern 

 Japan, there being one brood a year with the adults emerging the 

 middle of July. Hibernation is in the larval stage in the bag 

 attached to the twig. In the spring the larvae feed upon the open- 

 ing buds and young foliage. The bag of the apple and plum case- 

 bearer. C. nigriceUa. is brown in contrast to the black of G. malivor- 

 ella. Control measures recommended for both species are spraying 

 with Sapporo solution or lead arsenate when the buds open in the 

 spring and again in August after the eggs have hatched. 



The leaf miner Lithocolletis maJivoreUa (8) is a pest of apple, 

 pear, and quince in Chosen, and occurs also in Japan. There are 

 six broods a year in those countries, and hibernation is in the pupal 

 stage in cocoons on the dead foliage. The adults emerge early in 

 the spring, and the eggs are laid singly upon the leaves. Upon 

 hatching, the young larvae enter the leaf tissue and feed therein 

 until mature. Only new foliage is attacked. The mature larva 

 leaves its mine and spins the cocoon upon the underside of the leaf, 

 it being fastened by two strands of silk at each end. these strands 

 causing that portion of the leaf to curl somewhat. The egg. larval, 

 and pupal stages cover from 4 to 7. 13 to IS. and 5 to 7 days, respec- 

 tively. Another species of the genus with similar habits, but not 

 nearly so abundant as the preceding species, is known, but it has 

 not as yet been determined. Control of both may be effected by the 

 removal and burning of all dead foliage under the tree in the fall 

 or winter. A third species. L. tr'if.orella. in Japan has a similar life 

 history. 



The geometrid PliigoJ.la sinuosaria (73) is common upon apple 

 in Hokkaido and northern Honshu, though at the present time it is 

 much less injurious than in previous years. There is one brood 

 per year, and the adults appear early in April. The eggs are laid 

 in crevices in the bark, and the larvae feed upon the newly developed 

 foliage and blossoms. These larvae are mature by the middle of 

 June, enter the soil, transforming to pupae at the end of that month, 

 and hibernate in the soil. The adult females are wingless. The 

 most practicable means of control is the banding of the trunks in 

 the early spring with cotton or sticky tree-banding material to pre- 

 vent the females from ascending the tree for oviposition. Where 

 necessary, spraying with Sapporo solution may be done shortly after 

 the eggs have hatched. 



En nomas alniaria (73. 149) is found upon apple in Hokkaido and 

 Honshu and ranges in distribution westwards to Europe. One brood 

 is produced each year, and the winter is parsed in the egg state upon 

 the trunk or larger branches. Hatching occurs about the 1st of June 

 in Hokkaido, and the larvae are mature in approximately five weeks. 

 Pupation takes place in a curled leaf, which is bound by a few strands 

 of silk. This stage covers a period of about two weeks, and the adults 

 emerge at the end of July. Very soon thereafter the eggs, number- 

 ing from 250 to 350, are placed upon the bark in a single compact 



