INSECTS INJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE IN JAPAN 17 



The oblique-banded leaf roller, Oacoecia longicellana (73), is 

 restricted in distribution in the Far East to the island of Hokkaido. 

 In that island it is a common though usually not an injurious pest 

 upon apple. A single generation is produced each year, and the 

 adults appear the middle of July. Hibernation is in the intermedi- 

 ate larval stages in a web of leaves and dirt upon the twigs. In 

 the spring these larvae become active and feed upon the young 

 leaves and buds, inclosing them in a light web, and may at times 

 feed also upon the young fruit. Pupation occurs about the first 

 of July. Control measures employed are the collection of adults at 

 lantern traps and spraying in the early spring with Sapporo solu- 

 tion or lead arsenate, when the larvae are feeding at the buds. 



Pandemis (Tortrix) heparana (95), a European species, is re- 

 corded from Hokkaido and Honshu as a pest of apple, pear, and 

 cherry, as well as of several forest trees. The adults appear in 

 July and August, and the winter is passed in the immature larval 

 stages upon the branches. These larvae feed upon the young buds 

 in the spring in the same way as do those of the preceding species. 

 In England this species is recorded as feeding at times upon the 

 young fruit. The adults may be collected at lantern traps. 



Oacoecia xylostecma (95) ranges in distribution from Hokkaido 

 and Honshu in Japan to Chosen, China, and Europe. Its preferred 

 food plants are apple and pear, though feeding occurs also upon 

 cherry and a variety of forest trees. Its life history is similar 

 to that of the other Tortricidae already discussed. 



The apple and thorn skeletonizer of Europe, Simaethis (Hemero- 

 phila) pariana, which is a recent introduction into the United States, 

 is now well established in Hokkaido and at times causes great dam- 

 age. The life history in that island has been studied by Kuwayama 

 (75), who records three generations per year. The eggs are de- 

 posited in the groove of the apple leaf petiole, and at times on the 

 upper sides of the midrib of the leaf. The larvae feed upon the 

 foliage, producing a netted effect. The adults have been observed 

 to assemble in large numbers upon the blossoms of cultivated chrys- 

 anthemum. Control is effected by the application of Sapporo solu- 

 tion or lead arsenate at the middle or end of July, and the treatment 

 is repeated two or three times. 



The ermine moth, Hyponomeuta malinella (73, 103, lJf.7), a species 

 of world-wide distribution, is at times very abundant and injurious 

 upon apple in Hokkaido and northern Honshu. Other host plants 

 in this section are pear, sand pear, quince, cherry, and apricot. 

 According to Kuwayama there is one brood a year in Hokkaido, 

 and the winter is passed in the first larval stage under cover of the 

 clustered eggshells. In the spring these young larvae emerge and 

 feed upon the buds. After the first molt a web is spun at the 

 crotch between some of the smaller branches, a single web inclosing 

 the entire colony. This is gradually enlarged and eventually in- 

 closes a considerable amount of foliage. The greatest damage oc- 

 curs during May and June, at which time maturity is reached. 

 Pupation occurs early in July, and the adults emerge about three 

 weeks later. The eggs are laid en masse in the crotches of branches 

 or near buds during the latter part of July, and hatch in about 25 

 days. The control methods suggested are the collection of adults 

 5505&— 31 2 



