16 CIRCULAR 16 8, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



The recently described sawfly Hoplocampa pyricol-o. is a common 

 pest of pear throughout Japan, and at times considerable damage 

 may be done by it. The life history as studied by Harukawa {23) 

 corresponds quite closely to that given for Hoplocampa sp. by S. 

 Takahashi in 1912 {183). and both papers doubtless deal with the 

 same species. Though pear is the principal host, plum is also sligthly 

 attacked. The early varieties of pear are much more susceptible to 

 damage than those which blossom later. There is one brood per year, 

 and the winter is passed in the mature larval stage in the soil. The 

 adults emerge in April, and the eggs are laid shortly thereafter in 

 slits in the tissue on the outside and upper part of the calyx. Only 

 a single egg is laid in each incision. It is covered by a gummy ma- 

 terial, probably consisting of plant juices, and this soon becomes 

 black. Upon hatching, the young larvae feed upon the surrounding 

 tissue and then bore about the calyx end of the young fruit. An 

 entire cluster of fruits may be damaged by a single larva. Owing 

 to this injury the young fruits wither and drop from the tree shortly 

 after the petals have fallen. Upon larger fruits the larvae feed in 

 the seed cavity. They are full grown by the end of July and then 

 enter the soil for hibernation. 



Control measures advocated are the removal of all wild pear trees 

 from the vicinity of cultivated orchards, the collection of adults by 

 net during April, winter plowing to kill the hibernating larvae in 

 the soil, and spraying with stomach poisons to kill the migrating 

 larvae. 



The mirid bug Heterocordylus flavipes (96. 131) is common in 

 the northern provinces of Honshu, particularly Aomori Prefec- 

 ture, and at times causes serious damage. There is one brood per 

 year, and the winter is passed in the egg stage under the bark. The 

 eggs hatch early in the spring, and the young nymphs feed at the 

 buds and later upon the juice of the fruit, causing extensive deforma- 

 tion. The greatest damage is done at the time the fruit is about one- 

 half inch in diameter. The adults appear at the end of May and 

 the first part of June. 



FOLIAGE FEEDERS 



The most important of the leaf-feeding insects upon apple and 

 pear in Japan are SpUonota (Eucosrria) ocellana. SimaetMs pariana. 

 Hyponomeuta malineUa. Malacosoma neu-stria testacea, RhyncMtes 

 hevos, Holotrichia diompha.Jia. and Hylotoma mail. The different 

 localities in which the species predominate will be discussed along 

 with the various insects. 



The apple bud moth. Spilonota ocellana (73. 96). well known both 

 in Europe and North America, is found abundantly in Hokkaido, 

 northern Honshu, and Chosen, where apple, pear, and cherry are 

 attacked. There is one generation per year in Hokkaido, with the 

 partly grown larvae passing the winter in light cocoons on the 

 twigs and branches. Feeding takes place in the spring upon the 

 opening buds. Occasionally they may feed also upon the young 

 fruit. The adults emerge at the end of June or early in July, and 

 shortly thereafter the eggs are laid singly or in small clusters upon 

 the leaves. In Hokkaido very extensive damage was formerly done 

 each year, but the species is now easily controlled by the applica- 

 tion of a stomach poison such as Sauporo solution or lead arsenate. 



