12 CIRCULAR 16 8, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



proper (Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu), and in Chosen and China. 

 It is relatively rare in northern Honshu, and according to Kuway- 

 ama does not as yet occur in Hokkaido. According to Harukawa 

 (17, 22, 25, 27), there are five generations, or four with a partial 

 fifth, each year in southern Japan and four in the northern provinces 

 of Honshu, while Matsumura (95) records three for Chosen. The 

 length of the life cycle, not considering the overwintering brood, 

 ranges from 20 to 25 days in the case of the fourth generation to 

 from 35 to 45 days for the first spring brood. The greater part of 

 the larvae spin their cocoons in crevices in the bark of the trunk and 

 larger branches rather than in rubbish or in the soil. The habits of 

 the species have been found to be quite variable in different locali- 

 ties. The first two generations attack principally the peach, in 

 some cases from 80 to 90 per cent of the shoots being attacked. 

 It is rather notable that the injury to peach fruit is not nearly so 

 extensive in Japan as it is in the infested localities in the United 

 States. TVTien the pears begin to mature in midsummer this fruit 

 is much preferred, particularly the sand pear, as high as 46 per 

 cent of the fruit having been found infested in some orchards. 

 Oviposition takes place normally during the early evening, but may 

 be quite extensive during the afternoon on cloudy days. The greater 

 part of the eggs of the early generations are placed upon newly ex- 

 panded leaves, and in pear orchards they are sometimes found upon 

 the green fruit, whereas the later generations generally deposit 

 them in the calyx and stem cavities of the maturing fruit. 



Several control measures are recommended by Harukawa, the 

 main ones being the removal of all infested peach twigs in the 

 spring before the larvae have left them for pupation; the removal 

 of loose bark from the trunk and larger branches of the trees as 

 well as rubbish from the ground, thus reducing the preferred places 

 for pupation; and spraying about three times between the middle 

 of July and the end of August with kerosene emulsion and pyrethrum 

 powder. Arsenic sprays and nicotine are also extensively used. 

 According to Yago (204-), the bagging of the fruit and spraying 

 with nicotine sulphate, together with the removal of infested twigs, 

 are the most effective measures against this pest. 



In relatively recent years Carposina sasakii (Cydia persicana of 

 early literature) has become a more important pest of apple in 

 northern Japan than is A. conjugella. It is of equal or greater 

 importance as a pest of peach and attacks pear as well. Its distri- 

 bution is general, and serious injury is caused throughout all the 

 fruit-growing sections of Japan and Chosen. 



The life history of C. sasakii for western Honshu has been studied 

 by Matsumoto and AYatanabe (92) , who record three generations per 

 year in that area, though a portion have only two generations and 

 others may have only one. Each brood forms two types of cocoons, 

 some being spindle shaped and others oval or nearly spherical. The 

 pupae in the former transform very quickly and emerge, whereas 

 those in the oval cocoons carry over until the following spring. All 

 overwintering cocoons, of whatever generation, are of this type. A 

 variable proportion of this type is formed by the early generations, 

 and evidently the proportion is dependent upon various environ- 

 mental influences. The first brood of adults appears in late May 



