68 CIRCULAR 16 8, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



Four species of Noctuidae are recorded as important pests of 

 various legumes as well as of many vegetables in Japan and Chosen, 

 and though they are general feeders their economic effect is most 

 marked upon beans and peas. Chloridea dipsacea (149) is a widely 

 distributed species, occurring in Hokkaido, Honshu. Chosen, and 

 China and extending westwards to Europe. ' In addition to various 

 beans and peas, it attacks flax, hemp, snail clover, tobacco, and Per- 

 il! a ocimodes. There are two broods each year, the pupae of the last 

 passing the winter in the soil, and the adults of the first brood ap- 

 pearing in early June, Those of the second are present in August. 

 The larvae of the first brood feed exclusively upon foliage, but upon 

 soybean those of the second feed upon pods and developing seed 

 only. These larvae are mature by the end of September and enter 

 the soil for pupation. The durations of the egg, larval, and pupal 

 stages of the first brood are approximately 7, 20, and 14 days, respec- 

 tively. 



Euxoa segetis ^ (96) may be considered here among the pests of 

 legumes though its feeding upon other crops such as cotton, tobacco, 

 and various Cruciferae is fully as destructive. It ranges in distribu- 

 tion from Japan through Chosen and China, and on to Europe. In 

 India it is a major pest of green crops, and in European Russia it is 

 serious upon various grains, sugar beet, etc. There are two broods 

 each year in Chosen, the adults of the first appearing in May and 

 June and those of the second from August to October. The eggs 

 are laid at the side of the roots or in fallen leaves, and hatch in 

 from 7 to 14 days, depending upon temperature conditions. The 

 larvae feed upon the foliage by night and remain concealed 2 or 3 

 inches below the soil surface during the day. Potato tubers beneath 

 the ground are frequently attacked. The mature larvae of the second 

 brood hibernate in cells in the soil. Collection of adults at lantern 

 traps and sugar baits is suggested as a means of control. 



Pywhia umbra (11$* 169) is found in Hokkaido, Chosen, and 

 Taiwan, and extends to Manchuria, China, India, Asia Minor, and 

 Europe. In Japan it is a serious pest of soybean, adsuki bean, and 

 tobacco, and also attacks rape and buckwheat. A single brood is 

 produced each year, the winter being passed in the pupal stage in 

 the soil and the adults appearing about the middle of July. The 

 eggs are laid the latter part of that month on the under side of the 

 leaves and hatch in about one week. The larvae feed both by day 

 and by night and in the earlier stages confine themselves to the 

 foliage, but those of the third stage feed upon the pods and develop- 

 ing seeds. Each larva feeds at more than one pod. They mature 

 about the end of September and pupate in a cell about 1 inch below 

 the surface. Adult moths fly both by day and night. 



The cabbage moth Barathra (llamestra) brassicae (95), an 

 important pest of peas and soybean in Japan, is recorded as 

 occurring throughout Japan and Chosen, and is known to be common 

 in China, Siberia, and Europe. Its life history in Chosen, as given 

 by Aoyama (7), shows two broods a year, the winter being passed 

 as a pupa in the soil. The first flight of adults is in early June and 

 the second in August. The eggs are laid in large masses on the 

 under surface of the foliage and hatch in about seven days. The 

 larvae feed only at night. Control methods suggested are the col- 



