86 CIRCULAR 16 8, U. S. DEPARTMENT UF AGRICULTURE 



smaller number than is recorded for the eastern part of the United 

 States. The egg parasite Anastatus hifasciatus is particularly abun- 

 dant in Hokkaido. 



In Chosen the adults emerge somewhat earlier than in Hokkaido, 

 usually during the last week of June, owing to the higher tempera- 

 tures prevailing there during the late spring and early summer. At 

 times this species becomes very abundant upon apple; and some 

 measure of control is necessary, this usually consisting of the collec- 

 tion of egg masses during the winter. 



In Honshu and Kyushu the variety japonica, considered by some 

 authors to be a distinct species, replaces P. dispar. It is commonly 

 found upon oak, larch, and poplar, and in occasional instances has 

 been noted to effect complete defoliation in small plantings of the 

 last-named tree. In general, however, it is of little consequence as 

 a pest. 



P. mathura {130) is of common occurrence upon various trees, 

 particularly oak, in northern and central Japan, being especially 

 abundant in northern Honshu. It occurs also in Chosen and China. 

 A single brood is produced each year, and the winter is passed in the 

 egg stage upon the trunks of the host trees. The eggs hatch in May, 

 and the larvae are mature by the end of July. The adults first appear 

 early in August and persist for about one month. 



Drymonia manleyi (8) is found commonly in Japan and Chosen 

 upon various species of oak. One brood per year is produced, and 

 the adults appear about the middle of October. The eggs are laid 

 in large irregular masses upon the twigs, and these carry over the 

 winter and hatch about the middle of May. The larvae are mature 

 in one month, and pupation takes place in the soil. 



The hypsid Camptolomu interiorata (197), recorded from Japan 

 and China, occurs upon a number of forest trees in addition to oak. 

 The adults emerge in June and July, and the larvae feed upon the 

 lower surface of the leaves, covering them with a web. Hibernation 

 is in the larval stage under the web on the trunk or branches, 200 

 or more larvae being inclosed by one web. These larvae pupate at 

 the end of May among fallen leaves or rubbish on the ground. 



Dendrolimus undans excellens (117) is found upon oak in Honshu 

 only, of the main islands of Japan, but it ranges to Chosen, China, 

 Siberia, Taiwan, and India. One brood is produced annually, the 

 adults of which appear in October and November. The eggs are 

 deposited upon the trunk of the tree, and in this stage the winter is 

 passed. The eggs hatch in May, and the larvae are mature by the 

 middle of August. The cocoon is spun in a folded leaf. 



Kunugia yamadai (117) is found upon various species of oak and 

 only in Honshu. There is but one brood each year, and the winter 

 is passed in the egg stage upon the trunk. The life cycle and habits 

 are practically identical with those of D. undans excellens except 

 that the larvae feed nocturnally, and rest upon the trunk during 

 the day. 



The two scale insects Kerrnes nakagcnme and K. miyasakii are par- 

 ticularly abundant in central and southwestern Honshu, where the 

 trunks and larger branches are often heavily encrusted Avith scales 

 each year. An undetermined species is common upon oak in Chosen. 



