Table 1. — Relation of handling treatments to the number of open lenticels of Delicious 

 apples as indicated by immersion in 1:20,000 methylene blue, 1939 



[Fruit was washed in sodium silicate (80 pounds to 100 gallons) at 110° and then in 1.5-percent hydro- 

 chloric acid at 100°. The following day it was immersed in dye for 36 hours, during which the tem- 

 perature was gradually lowered from 65° to 45°. All temperatures in ° F.] 



Orchard and time and type of handling 



Selah Heights: 



Day after harvest: 



Unwashed 



Washed 



Tieton: 



Day after harvest: 



Unwashed 



Washed 



Lower Naches: 



Day after harvest: 



Unwashed 



Washed 



Naches Heights: 



Day after harvest: 



Unwashed 



Washed 



Wiley Heights: 



Day after harvest: 



Unwashed 



Washed 



After 3 days in warehouse 



Unwashed 



Washed 



After 3 days at 32°: 



Unwashed 



Washed 



After 2 weeks at 32°: 



Unwashed 



Washed 



Mean lenticels per 2-inch 

 circle i on— 



Blush side 2 Pale side 2 



Number 

 74. 8± 8. 32 



75. 8± 7. 10 



103. 0=fcl0. 55 



}l02.0± 3.92 



75.2±14.41 



Number 

 82. 2± 10. 75 



87. 0± 4.22 



72. 4± 5.97 



90. 7± 6. 04 



,8± 



Mean open lenticels per 2-inch 

 circle 3 on— 



Blush side 2 Pale side 



Number 

 15.25±1.92 

 26. 10±2. 07 



14. 25±1. 50 

 23. 15±4. 18 



13. 60±1. 60 

 23. 10±2. 59 



15.35±1.66 

 27. 30±3. 15 



18.25±1.79 

 28. 05±2. 77 



10.85±1.12 

 16. 35±2. 04 



7.45±1. 19 

 14. 25±1. 00 



7. 60±0. 87 

 15. 60±1. 69 



Number 

 16. 70±1. 94 

 26.95±1.98 



12. 80±1.02 

 35. 85±3. 30 



11.15±1.29 

 34. 25±5. 22 



17.80±1.77 

 37. 00±4. 09 



14. 90±2. 07 

 31.95±2.21 



10. 65±0. 98 

 18. 55±1. 71 



6. 20±0. 74 

 13.45±0.99 



7. 50±0. 90 

 14. 30±1. 67 



5-fruit sample. 



2 Standard errors after ±. 



3 20-fruit sample. 



In the 1939 test, holding the fruit in the warehouse or at 32° F. 

 before washing reduced the number of open lenticels, but in 1941 

 (table 2) cold-storage delays failed to result in fewer open lenticels. 

 Clements (4) had previously reported that warm dry air was effective 

 in closing apple lenticels but that cold-storage temperatures were in- 

 effective. 



Table 2. — Effect of delay in cold storage prior to washing on the condition of the len- 

 ticels of Delicious apples and on the susceptibility of the skin to washing injury as 

 indicated by immersion in 1:20,000 methylene blue, 1941 



[Average of 10-apple samples washed in sodium silicate (63 pounds to 100 gallons) at 110° and then in 1.0- 

 percent hydrochloric acid at 100°. Immediately after washing the fruit was immersed in dye for 36 

 hours, during which the temperature was gradually lowered from 65° to 45°. All temperatures in ° F.] 



Time of washing 



Open lenticels 

 per fruit ' 3 



Washing 



injuries per 



fruit • 3 



Open lenticels 

 and washing 

 injuries per 

 caylx basin 3 





Number 

 23. 1± 5. 38 

 27. 2± 4. 71 

 28.0±10.4 



Number 

 42. 8±8. 24 

 28. 5±6. 08 

 6. 7±1. 22 



Number 

 25. 9±2. 88 



After 2 weeks at 32°-34° 



After 6 weeks at 32°-34°.. 



35. 2±8. 26 

 9. 6±2. 54 







1 Exclusive of the calyx basin. 



2 Standard error after ±. 



Holding the fruit 2 weeks in cold storage before washing failed to 

 reduce the number of openings (open lenticels and minute washing 

 injuries) in the calyx basin (table 2), but the size of the injuries was 

 considerably reduced. A delay of 6 weeks, however, caused a marked 



