AMERICAN TOBACCO TYPES, USES, AND MARKETS 4] 
pounds net, or from 325 to 450 pounds gross. These cases have 
¥-inch spaces between the end boards in order to allow ventilation 
and the escape of surplus moisture during sweating. The inside of 
the case, except the ends, is covered with heavy paper. The tobacco 
is packed lengthwise in the case with the butts of the hands outward 
toward the end and the tails slightly lapping in the center. It is 
packed several inches above the top of the case; then a frame is placed 
on it and it is put under a casing press and the tobacco is pressed 
down until the lid or top of the case can be nailed on. Each case is 
marked with the net weight and gross weight. The cases are then 
stored in rows 5 to 20 cases high in warehouses especially built for 
tobacco storage and sweating. Some of these warehouses have heat- 
ing equipment and the sweating is speeded up through the application 
of artificial heat. 
Tobacco of the regular cigar-filler grades of Pennsylvania Seedleaf 
are usually stemmed just before the time they enter into the manu- 
facturing process. ‘Tobacco of the lower grades is often stemmed 
months in advance of use in manufactured products. The scrap 
chewing manufacturers as a rule place the strips, or stemmed tobacco 
in a bulk and put it through an additional sweating process. The 
manufacturers of prepared short fillers, or ‘grinders’ as they are 
known in the trade, use a rather large quantity of the stemming 
grades. This tobacco is put through stemming machines, is dried, 
stored in bins, and sold to manufacturers of short-filler cigars. 
Types 42-44, Ohio fillers —Three types of cigar-filler tobacco are 
produced in the Miami Valley in southwestern Ohio, mostly in Darke, 
Preble, Butler, Miami, Montgomery, and Warren Counties. Type 42 
is known as Gebhardt; type 43, as Zimmer or Zimmer Spanish; and 
type 44, as Dutch or Little Dutch. 
In recent years the annual production of the three types has aver- 
aged about 19 million pounds. No official estimates are made of the 
production of each type separately, but on the basis of average stocks 
held by dealers and manufacturers on July 1 of each year since 1929, 
the production averages about 37 percent of Gebhardt, 47 percent 
of Zimmer, and 16 percent of Dutch. 
The general harvesting, curing, marketing, and handling methods 
for each of these types are similar. These tobaccos are stalk-cut, 
air-cured, and marketed under the country-sales system. The buying 
is done in the fall of the year and deliveries are usually made from 
January to April. Sometimes the movement of the crop from grow- 
ers’ hands into buyers’ hands is much later and extends into the 
second quarter of the year. 
Most of the buyers and packers are located in Dayton, but some 
are located in small towns throughout the producing district, and some 
of the Dayton buyers have packing houses at outlying points. The 
growers sort their crop into two major grades locally known as 
wrappers and fillers. The so-called wrappers are the actual cigar- 
filler grades. The so-called filler grades are suitable for use in scrap 
chewing tobacco and are sometimes stemmed and shredded for use 
as short fillers in low-priced cigars. The growers deliver these to- 
baccos, packed in cases, to the buyers who usually resort and repack, 
separating badly broken, inferior, and damaged leaves. Some buyers 
practice bulk-sweating; others case-sweat only. Gebhardt and Zimmer 
tobaccos usually go through one spring-and-summer natural sweat 
