AMERICAN TOBACCO TYPES, USES, AND MARKETS 93 
many brands of so-called Turkish cigarettes were on the market as 
well as many ‘Egyptian’ cigarettes, made from oriental tobacco.” 
Under such conditions the imported leaf was competitive with do- 
mestic. The real rise in the industry came after the development of 
the blended cigarette and it seems fair to assume that the adoption of 
blending was in some degree responsible for the enormous increase 
in the popularity of cigarettes. This implies that oriental tobacco is 
complementary to, rather than competitive with, American cigarette 
types, and has facilitated the expansion of their market outlets. 
CHEWING TOBACCO AND SNUFF 
Chewing tobacco is manufactured in the following forms: 
Plug.—This form is made of leaf tobacco pressed into flat plugs 
after the stems or midribs have been removed. Various additions 
are made to the tobacco, such as licorice, low-grade maple sugar, and 
honey. The plug consists of two parts, filler and wrapper. Plug 
fillers comprise mainly the heavier grades of flue-cured, Burley and 
dark air-cured types. Some fire-cured tobacco is so used. Plug 
wrappers are leaves carefully selected for exceptionally fine quality 
and fine appearance. The percentage of wrapper grades that appear 
on auction markets is very small, as a consequence of which they 
command premium prices. 
Twist—This form probably originated on the farm, the grower 
finding it convenient to make his tobacco up into twists for future 
use. Commercial twist tobacco, either sweetened or plain, is rolled 
into twists by hand labor in small tobacco factories located in pro- 
ducing districts, or by machine methods in the larger manufacturing 
establishments. 
Fine Cut.—In this form the tobacco is cut by machinery to almost 
hairlike fineness and put up in foil or paper packages. It is used for 
both chewing and smoking. Fine cut also includes some tobacco so 
finely cut as to appear coarsely ground, put up in a form that closely 
resembles moist snuff. 
Scrap Chewing.—Scrap chewing is made largely from the stemming 
erades of cigar types and provides a valuable outlet for broken leaves 
and the scrap from cigar manufacture; it also offers competition for 
erades of tobacco used in the manufacture of cheap cigars. In form, 
scrap chewing consists of irregular flakes of tobacco leaf, usually 
about half an inch in diameter, and is classified by the trade into 
sweet scrap and plain scrap. The sweet scrap is more heavily cased 
with flavoring materials than the plain. 
The manufacture of chewing tobacco was at a high level for a long 
period up to and including 1918, the closing year of the World War. 
Since that time the decline has been rapid. The cigarette industry 
was entering its period of most rapid expansion during the closing 
years of the war (table 35). 
Nearly all types of tobacco are used in the manufacture of chewing, 
even those that are primarily cigar and cigarette types as well as those 
that are unsuited for use in either of these forms. Flue-cured and 
Burley are now cigarette types in the sense that the cigarette indus- 
try provides their most lucrative outlet, yet both owe their early 
17 Tobacco is net produced in Egypt. 
