AMERICAN TOBACCO TYPES, USES, AND MARKETS!) 101 
TABLE 30.—Estimated consumption of tobacco products in Europe, 1918 and 1920-85! 
= : : Smoking Chewing 
Year Cigars Cigarettes TH flines Fomacco Snuff Total 
1,000 pounds|1 ,000 pounds|1,000 pounds} 1,000 pounds|1,000 pounds|1,000 pounds 
GUS G2 cats ete dans Be eee 175, 087 115, 956 387, 613 34, 660 49, 312 762, 628 
NO) Eas coer eer peal See 118, 684 233, 108 365, 465 31, 221 36, 325 784, 803 
TC PATA Sie eae Re San ee 113, 382 248, 422 390, 198 30, 079 38, 509 820, 590 
1G 222 Mey ea nit ees te eee eel 92, 951 263, 029 402, 287 27, 827 37, 247 823, 341 
ODS Mee See ee ree 93, 162 270, 392 428, 071 26, 166 34, 077 851, 868 
[PH De ee ne Meee eae By 114, 275 298, 186 423, 049 26, 429 33, 583 895, 522 
1925 ee Seas Pasa A Wee ee 116, 422 323, 531 416, 004 26, 221 34, 237 916, 415 
ODE aang eee. ee Se Sale a 117, 069 322, 564 428, 234 25, 642 31, 969 925, 478 
9 (eeu ae ke OS ME Re 124, 324 345, 440 442, 209 24, 808 31, 372 968, 153 
19282252 BME Net ae eto ae 130, 689 368, 022 444,181 22, 838 30, 687 996, 417 
1929 ba Pees eee RE EN ERS By 131, 317 390, 781 437, 657 22, 334 29, 821 1, 011, 910 
LOS QR eee be eee eee te 135, 067 401, 296 417, 597 21, 341 29, 564 1, 004, 865 
NGS Ui ese er ee a Ce ee 120, 685 380, 116 403, 075 19, 851 28, 162 951, 889 
O32 Pee ee ees: pees TY 105, 291 385, 373 393, 745 18, 504 27, 334 930, 247 
NOS SREte eer rae ret es aye 113, 305 382, 748 391, 798 Nfs Bx) 26, 328 931, 552 
igey eee Fite ese des 126, 330 390, 869 389, 337 18, 103 25, 576 950, 215 
G3 5 Weegee te Ue ilar. ae ee es ae ea 144, 006 396, 515 383, 721 17, 993 24, 781 967, 016 
1 Total consumption of 20 countries. In this table the quantity of tobacco products sold is used as the 
measure of consumption. It is believed that such sales approximate consumption when all the European 
countries are considered as a unit. 
2 Includes estimates for 6 countries in 1913 and 1920, 4 in 1921, and 2 in 1922. 
Compiled from U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 587 (16, p. 9). 
GOVERNMENTAL FACTORS 
The factors just discussed are those that formerly exerted an im- 
portant influence over our sale of tobacco to many foreign countries. 
In Europe especially these factors have been superseded by various 
controls exercised by the State, as indicated in the discussion that 
follows. 
Monopolies —In many foreign countries the tobacco industry is in 
the hands of a monopoly which exists as a branch of the government. 
Control usually extends from the regulation of production through the 
manufacture to the sale of the finished product. Under these con- 
ditions there is an absence of private manufacturers competing 
for trade on a quality-of-product basis. Therefore the likes and dis- 
likes of consumers are less effective as an influence on maintenance of 
quality, and the leaf-buying policies of the State can be based on other 
considerations. ‘These may be prices of raw material with little regard 
for quality, the desire to promote government trade policies, etc. 
Fiscal Polvcy.—In practically all countries tobacco is an important 
source of revenue. In monopoly countries the profits from their 
manufacturing and selling operations belong to the State, and as a 
rule there are no import duties or excise taxes. In nonmonopoly 
countries one or both forms of taxation apply. Excise taxes may be so 
applied to different products as to be a strong influence on tobacco- 
consuming habits. For example, in Denmark prior to 1928 the con- 
sumption of cigars declined and cigarettes increased. In that year 
cigarette taxes were approximately doubled and cigar taxes decreased. 
As a result the trends of consumption were reversed. 
Subsidized Leaf Production.—In some countries the production of 
tobacco is stimulated by government subsidies to growers, by requiring 
manufacturers to use specified proportions of home-grown leaf, or by 
exemptions from import duty on the foreign-leaf components of to- 
bacco products containing specified proportions of domestic tobacco. 
