AMERICAN TOBACCO TYPES, USES, AND MARKETS 105 
tobacco is purchased by leaf dealers located at convenient foreign 
ports for later sale to manufacturers in other countries. The export 
statistics compiled in this country are necessarily compiled on the 
basis of information contained in the export declarations and these 
show as destinations the ports to which the shipments are made. 
The effect is to show quantities of tobacco exported to some countries 
which may be above or below the actual consumption therein. A 
similar situation arises in connection with imports, discussed on 
page 119. 
Most of the exported leaf is held: in storage for indeterminate 
periods before it is actually used by manufacturers, but, as already 
indicated, the storage is frequently in a country other than the one in 
which the leaf is to be used. Not only do dealers in the principal 
shipping centers hold their leaf in bonded warehouses in order that 
it may be readily available for resale to other countries, but the manu- 
facturers also utilize bonded warehouse storage. By this method 
they avoid paying the import duty until the leaf is actually needed 
for manufacture. The most convenient storage centers are usually 
in the large seaports of western Europe. Most important are Am- 
sterdam and Rotterdam, Holland; Bremen and Hamburg in Germany ; 
Antwerp in Belgium; Copenhagen in Denmark; and to some extent 
English ports. From these ports the leaf moves on to other European 
countries as needed. 
Therefore, the quantities actually used by the reshipping countries 
are usually much smaller than the quantities reported as exported 
to those countries or the quantities reported as having arrived in 
their ports. Conversely, the quantities actually used in such other 
countries as Switzerland, the Scandinavian countries, and the Baltic 
States are generally much greater than the quantities reported as 
having been exported to them. For instance, the quantity of United 
States leaf used in Switzerland is 50 to 75 percent larger than the 
quantity reported as exported from the United States to Switzerland. 
It includes tobacco exported to Belgium and reshipped.”? Similarly 
the reported exports to Ireland during 1932 to 1936 averaged only 
about 4.4 million pounds, whereas the actual imports of United States 
leaf into Ireland amounted to nearly 12 million pounds annually dur- 
ing this period. Nearly two-thirds of Ireland’s supply of United 
States leaf during this period was shipped to bonded warehouses in 
England and later reshipped to Ireland. 
For still another reason statistics on domestic exports of tobacco 
to specified foreign countries will seldom if ever check with the import 
statistics of those countries. Most countries record tobacco as hav- 
ing been imported only when it is withdrawn from bonded storage 
and the duty is paid, and there may be a lag of as much as 2 years 
between the time the leaf is exported from the United States and the 
time it shows up in the import statistics of the consuming country. 
The United Kingdom, Sweden, and France are notable exceptions, 
since the United Kingdom and the tobacco monopolies in Sweden 
and France report “imports” when the tobacco arrives in the country, 
whether for immediate consumption or storage. 
20 MINNEMAN, P.G. THE MARKET FOR AMERICAN TOBACCO IN SWITZERLAND. U.S. Dept. Agr., Foreign 
Agr. 3: 393-426, illus. [Processed.] 
