26 



CIRCULAR 4 71, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



construction come next to logging; this work is also done chiefly by 

 adult men, but 90 to 95 percent of it (81 percent in 1913) is paid for 

 on an hourly basis. The lowest average earnings are in planting and 

 cultural operations, most of which are done by women and by boys 

 and girls under 16. Less than 1 percent of this class of work is paid 

 for at piece rates. From 94 to 97 percent of the miscellaneous work 

 is paid for by the hour. 



Table 20. — Average daily earnings of workers at various activities in the State 

 forests of Bavaria, 1924-83 1 



Year 



Log- 

 ging 



Plant- 

 ing 

 and 

 cul- 

 tural 



opera- 

 tions 



Road 

 con- 

 struc- 

 tion 



Other 

 work 



All 

 work 



Year 



Log- 

 ging 



Plant- 

 ing 

 and 

 cul- 

 tural 



opera- 

 tions 



Road 

 con- 

 struc- 

 tion 



Other 

 work 



All 

 work 



1924 



1925 



1926 



1927 



1929 



Marks 

 3.40 

 5.13 

 5.30 

 5.53 

 6.68 



Marks 

 1.94 

 2.66 

 2.77 

 2.97 

 3.86 



Marks 

 2.84 

 3.96 

 4.05 

 4.31 

 5.33 



Marks 

 2.16 

 3.02 

 3.27 

 3.39 

 4.33 



Marks 

 2.89 

 4.16 

 4.34 

 4.54 

 5.54 



i 1930. 



1931 



! 1932 



, 1933 * 



! 1933 3____ 



Marks 

 6.66 

 6.27 

 5.01 



4.75 

 3.7S 



Marks 

 4.12 

 3.81 



2.95 

 2.78 

 3.25 



Marks 

 5.56 

 5.29 

 4.25 

 4.06 

 4.07 



Marks 

 4.75 

 4.33 

 3.55 

 3.30 

 4.01 



Marks 

 5.68 

 5.37 

 4.56 

 4.39 

 3.76 



i Classified figures for 1928 not obtained; the average for all kinds of work was 4.98 marks. 



' Earning? of ordinary laborers. 



3 Earnings of emergency employees from relief rolls. 



Earnings on a piece-work basis are consistently higher than those 

 on an hourly basis (table 21). This is largely due, of course, to the 

 fact that piece work is mostly done by men who would fall in the 

 higher wage groups anyway. It is generally the policy, however, to 

 set piece rates so that an average worker can make about 25 percent 

 more than he would under an hourly rate. 



Table 21. — Average daily earnings, hourly wage and piece work, in the State forests 

 of Bavaria, 1913 and 1921^32 



Year 



1913 

 1924 

 1925 

 1926 

 1927 



Earnings 



Earnings 



under 



under 



hourly 



piece 



rates 



rates 



Marks 



Marks 



2.38 



2.70 



2.29 



3.55 



3.09 



5.45 



3.32 



5.56 



3.51 



5.92 



Year 



192S 

 1929 

 1930 

 1931 

 1932 



Earnings Earnings 

 under under 

 hourly piece 

 rates rates 



Marks 

 3.96 

 4.49 

 4.72 



4. 40 



3.70 



Marks 

 6.65 

 7.14 

 7.11 

 6.56 

 5.12 



The average earnings vary not only from year to year, but also 

 from one locality to another, just as in Prussia. This is particularly 

 true of timber cutting and skidding, which is largely paid for on a 

 oiece-work basis, for local variations in timber and topography in- 

 fluence output. Table 22 shows the range of earnings in logging 

 in the forests of the Upper Bavarian plain and hill region (not including 

 the mountains). 



For final crop cutting the lowest average was RM 4.16 (about $1), 

 the highest RM 6.16 (about $1.50), and the average for all units 

 RM 5.20 (about $1.25). For intermediate cuttings the lowest average 

 earning was RM 3.56, the highest RM 5.92, and the average RM 4.78. 



