FORESTS AND EMPLOYMENT IN GERMANY 9 



Logging: 



Timber felling, bucking, and limbing. 

 Skidding to roadside. 



Peeling logs, pulpwood, mine timbers, etc. 

 Splitting firewood bolts. 

 Piling bolts. 



Working up tops and limbs; bundling faggots. 

 Reforestation and afforestation: 

 Seed collection and extraction. 

 Construction and operation of forest nurseries. 

 Preparation of planting sites: 



Removal of heather, sod, and raw humus, by plowing under, "scalping," 

 or otherwise. 



Removal of stumps. 



Fertilizing with lime, basic slag, etc. 



Growing nitrogen-fixing cover crops (lupine, broom, etc.). 

 Field planting — generally two to four times as many trees to the acre as in 



American practice. 

 Field sowing. 

 Replanting, i. e., replacing trees that die. This is generally repeated until 



full stocking is assured. 

 Underplanting and interplanting to develop mixed stands. 

 Cultural operations to insure establishment of the stand: 



Cultivation of the soil. 



Weeding and cutting grass and brush. 



Release cuttings. 



Thinning out surplus sprouts. 

 Protective measures, especially against deer, rabbits, and other game: 



Fencing. 



Surrounding saplings with dry brush or wire. 



Attaching paper or metal protectors on terminal buds. 



Tarring buds. 



Spraying to control fungi (leaf-cast, etc.). 



Collection of May beetles. 



Control of weevils. 

 Cultural operations: 



Thinning: usually begins early (twentieth to thirtieth year in conifer stands) 



and is repeated at short intervals (3 to 5 years) in well-managed forests. 

 Pruning, especially dry pruning. The tendency is to do much more of this 



than in the past. 

 Sanitation and improvement cuttings. 

 Forest protection: 



Banding trees with tar, etc., to control insects; this is done on a large scale. 



Propagation and fencing of anthills for insect control. 



Construction and distribution of bird houses and nest boxes. 



Setting boundary posts and construction of boundary ditches. 



Fire control — a relatively minor activity in many parts of Germany. 



Construction of firebreaks. 



Dusting of insect poisons from the air or the ground; not done extensively, 



and, of course, a job only for experts. 

 Tying bundles of twigs around tree trunks to prevent damage by deer. 

 Game management: 



Cultivation of feed patches. 



Fencing to keep game in or out of certain areas. 

 Construction and operation of feeding stations. 

 Construction of shooting stands. 

 Game drives. 



Collection of acorns, cutting grass, etc., for winter game feed. 

 Construction and maintenance of improvements: 

 Roads. 

 Log chutes. 

 Drainage ditches. 

 Bridges and culverts. 

 Houses and administrative buildings. 

 Lookout towers. 

 Telephone lines. 



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