MALAY LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. | 95, 
a stockade. The import of the prefixes—mé (méng, méi, 
mén, mém), pé (péng, pén, pén, pem), bér, (bel), pér, pel, ka, 
li, tér,—an kan, i, lah—-will best appear from 
the following examples: root word dja”, to teach, to learn ; 
mengajar, to instruct (expresses an action) ; de/ajar, to study 
(state or condition) ; méngdjari, to instruct (some one, trans.) ; 
méngaj arkan, to mstruct (insomething, causative); penga/ar, the 
instructor ; peldjar, the learner ; péngajaran, the lesson taught, 
also the school: pélajaran, the lesson learnt; did/ar, to oe learnt 
térajar, learnt; térajarkan, taught ; térayari, ine cee dy | per- 
aja; fromrdja, prince), to recognize as prince; p2rajakan, to 
crown as prince ; karajaan, royalty] ; : aarkanlel: teaches tix 
amples of reduplication are—djar-djar, a saiated person ; djar- 
bérajar, (or bélajar), to be learning and teaching by turns ; 
similarly there are forms like ajar “MENG a) ar, bé AVA ar - “aj ara, 
ajar-ajari, mémp2rajar, mémp2rajurkan, mempérajari, terbél- 
ajarkan, pérbélajarkan, &c. Altogether there are upwards of 
a hundred possible derivative forms, in the idiomatic use of 
which the Malays exhibit much skill. See especiaily H. von Dr- 
WALL, De vormveranderingen der Maleische taal, Batavia, 1864; 
and J. Piswaprren, Maleisch-Hollandsch Woordenboek, Amster- 
dam, 1875, “Inleiding.” . In every other respect the language 
‘is characterized by eveat simplicity and indefiniteness. — There 
is no inflexion to distinguish number, gender, or case. Num- 
ber is never indicated when the sense is obvious or can be 
gathered from the context; otherwise plurality is expressed by 
ey djectives such as ee : all, and baZuk, many, more rarely by 
the repetition of the noun, und the indefinite singular by sa or 
satu, one, with aclass-word. Gender may, if necessary, ‘be dis- 
Cea en by the words dahi-laki, male, and pérampuan, fe- 
male, in the case of persons, and of fjantan and bétzna in the case 
of animals.’ The genitive case is generally indicated by the 
position of the word after its ne noun. Also adjectives 
and demonstrative pronouns have their places after the noun. 
Comparison is effected by the use of particles. Instead of the 
personal pronouns, both in their full and abbreviated forms, 
conventional nouns are in frequent use to indicate the social 
position or relation of the respective interlocutors, as, e. 9., 
hamba tuan, the master’s slave, 2. e., 1. These nouns vary ac- 
cording to the different localities. Another peculiarity of 
