OCCASIONAL NOTES. 421 
name to great cities both in Siam (Yuthia or Yudhya), and in 
Java (Djokjo of the Dutch); Irawaddy, the great river of 
Burma, is but another Airavati, that river-name of the Punjab 
which the historians of Alexander grecized as Hydraotes ; 
Amarapura (‘City of the Immortals’ ), which was the capital 
of Burma twenty-five years ago, is equally Indian; and Man- 
dalay itself, of now familiar sound, properly the name of a 
conical isolated hill overlooking the city, probably represents 
Mandara, the sacred hill of Hindoo fable, which served the 
gods as a churning-staff at the churning of the sea. 
But it is in the great architectural remains scattered over 
this region that we find the most striking testimony to Indian 
influence. The native races are, none of them, addicted to 
architecture in solid materials. Yet, in nearly all these coun- 
tries we find remains of an elaborate and grandiose architecture 
devoted to religious purposes. Such in Java are the ancient 
temples of hewn stone, including the extraordinary pyramid of 
sculptured terraces called Boro Bodor. In Burma we find 
edifices of fine brickwork, especially in the remains of the 
great medizval city of Pagan on the Irawaddy, whose ruins 
cover many square miles, and still exhibit majestic structures, 
rising, some of them, to a height of nearly 200 feet. Others, 
also of brick, exist in the dense jungles which cover the remains 
of Yudhyaonthe Menam. Andwithin the last quarter-century 
we have become acquainted with the countless and vast 
remains of Cambojan architecture; immense temples, with 
corridors and enclosures of hewn stone, and furlongs of sculp- 
tured bas-relief. Latest of all, we are exploring medieval 
remains in Pegu; which have been at our doors, as it were, 
since 1853. Each series of remains has its own peculiarities, 
but often there are close resemblances of general design, and 
in the ornamental detail there is throughout much approxi- 
mation to identity of character ; and that is Indian.” 
