ON THE STOMACH IN MAN AND THE ANTHROPOID APE. 45 



Fig. 8. The stomach of a male child two years old viewed from above. The same specimen is figured 

 in situ in fig. 11. It shows particularly well the incisura angularis, the sulcus intermedius, the duodeno- 

 pyloric constriction, the pyloric canal, and the pyloric vestibule. (Specimen I. A ) 



Fig. 9. Child from nine months to one year old. The stomach is moderately full and horizontal in 

 position. The greater curvature is higher than the lesser curvature, the organ is bent on itself like a sickle, 

 and there is a gradual descent or slope from the fundus to the junction of the first and second parts of the 

 duodenum. In other words, the position is identical with that described by His as characteristic of the 

 empty stomach. 



The liver is pushed somewhat to the right, and the transverse colon was in contact with a portion of its 

 under surface in front of the stomach. 



In this specimen the intestines were much distended. (Specimen II. A ) 



Fig. 10. Same specimen as shown in fig. 9, with the liver removed. 



Fig. 11. Child of two years. Note the horizontal position of the stomach, the greater curvature of 

 which looks straight forward and the surfaces upwards and downwards. The stomach is moderately full 

 and the liver pushed to a considerable extent to the right. The intestines were distended, and formed with 

 the transverse meso-eolon a horizontal platform on which the stomach rested. 



Fig. 12. Young male in which the stomach, which is full, holds an absolutely horizontal position. The 

 liver is pushed over to the right. (Specimen III. A ) 



Fig. 13. Young male chimpanzee with a full stomach. The position is identical with that seen in the 

 child of two years old (fig. 11). 



Fig. 14. Young orang-utan with well-filled stomach. The position of the stomach is peculiar. It 

 lies entirely to the left of the mesial plane and is very nearly vertical. 



Plate II. 



Fig. 15. Section through the pyloric canal and pyloric vestibule of the stomach of the chimpanzee 

 (fig. 7) in the plane of the two curvatures. It is enlarged by one-half. The arrow points to the sulcus 

 intermedius. 



Fig. 16. Section through the pyloric canal and pyloric vestibule of the stomach of a child two years 

 old (fig. 8) in the plane of the two curvatures. It is enlarged twice the size of nature. The arrow points 

 to the sulcus intermedius. (Specimen I. A ) 



Fig. 17. Micro-photograph ( x 10) of a preparation by Mr Stiles. It is taken from a microscopic 

 section through a portion of the pyloric canal and of the duodenum of a full-time foetus. The characters 

 of the sphincteric cylinder and ring, and the i-elation which the longitudinal fibres present to these, have 

 been slightly accentuated by the brush. In this photograph the pyloric canal is to the right, the duodenum 

 to the left, and the lesser curvature margin of the section is the upper of the two. 



Fig. 18. Micro-photograph of a section through the pyloric canal and commencement of the duodenum, 

 in the plane of the curvatures of the stomach, of an infant a few weeks old. The original photograph 

 magnified the specimen five times, but in the plate the magnification is only x 3£. The characters of the 

 sphincteric cylinder and ring, and the relations which the longitudinal fibres present to these, have been 

 slightly accentuated by the brush. Note that the pyloric canal is to the right, the duodenum to the left, 

 and that the lesser curvature margin of the section is the upper of the two. 



Fig. 19. Micro-photograph of a section through the pyloric canal and commencement of the duodenum 

 of an infant a few weeks old, with stenosis of the pylorus. The original magnification was x 5, but in the 

 plate it is only x 2i. The characters presented by the musculature have been slightly accentuated by 

 the brush. When this figure is compared with figs. 17 and 18, and account is taken of the lower magnifi 

 cation, the hypertrophy of the muscular tissue — both circular and longitudinal — becomes apparent. If any- 

 thing, the hypertrophy is more marked in the longitudinal coat of the pyloric canal. It should be observed 

 that the pyloric canal in the photograph is to the right, the duodenum to the left, and that the lesser curva- 

 ture margin of the section is the upjjer of the two. 



