46 PROFESSOR D. J. CUNNINGHAM 



Fig. 20. Micro-photograph of a section through a small part of the pyloric canal and the commencement 

 of the duodenum of the cat. Magnification x 5. The pyloric canal is to the right, the duodenum to the 

 left, and the lesser curvature margin of the section is the upper of the two. The strong differentiation 

 of the sphincteric ring on the greater curvature side is very evident. 



Plate III. 



Fig. 21. The stomach of a young male viewed from the front and slightly from ahove. The characters 

 which it presents are referred to in the text at p. 32. Note the strongly marked ampulla phrenica on 

 the part of the oesophagus immediately ahove the oesophageal opening of the diaphragm. (Specimen III. A ) 



Fig. 22. Stomach of an adult female in the early stage of the emptying process. It is described in the 

 text at p. 32. The arrow is directed towards the incisura angularis. In fig. 27 this stomach is seen in situ. 

 (Specimen XIII. B ) 



Fig. 23. Stomach of an adult male showing very clearly the physiological subdivision into a cardiac sac and 

 a gastric tube. It is described in the text at p. 33. This specimen is seen in situ in fig. 24. (Specimen I. B ) 



Fig. 24. The same stomach as is depicted in fig. 23, exhibited in situ. The transverse colon, which lay 

 in front of the stomach and also to some extent in front of the liver, has been pulled down. 



Fig. 25. The same specimen as is figured in fig. 23, seen from behind and in relation to the liver and 

 spleen. The manner in which the tuber omentale of the liver occupies the lesser curvature of the stomach 

 is well seen. 



Fig. 26. The stomach of an adult female viewed from the front, in which the emptying process has 

 proceeded to a greater extent than in fig. 23 (see text, p. 33). It is shown in relation to the liver. 

 (Specimen II. B ) 



Fig. 27. The same stomach as is seen in fig. 22 in situ. 



Fig. 28. The stomach of a full-time foetus, showing the physiological subdivision into a cardiac saccular 

 portion and a tubular portion. (Specimen F 6.) 



Fig. 29. The same specimen as is represented in fig. 26 seen from behind. (Specimen II. B ) 



Fig. 30. The specimen which is exhibited in fig. 31 shown in situ. The transverse colon lay in front 

 of the stomach and occupied a considerable part of the left hypochondrium. It has been drawn down. 



Fig. 31. The stomach of a young adult male, viewed from above, in which the emptying process is 

 nearly completed (see text, p. 33). It is seen in situ in fig. 30. (Specimen III. B ) 



Fig. 32. The stomach of a full-time foetus in which the physiological subdivision into two parts is seen. 

 Note the flattening of the oesophagus from the pressure of the heart and pericardium. (Specimen F 5). 



Plate IV. 



Fig. 33. Stomach of an adult female ; aberrant form. Described in the text at p. 37. (Specimen IV. B ) 



Fig. 34. Specimen obtained from the post-mortem room (sex ?). It is described in the text at p. 37. 

 (Specimen XI. B ) 



Fig. 35. Stomach of an adult male ; aberrant form. Described in text at p. 37. (Specimen V. B ) 



Fig. 36. Specimen obtained from the post-mortem room (sex 1). It exhibits a form intermediate 

 between that seen in the stomach represented in fig. 23 and that of a true hour-glass stomach (Specimen X. B ) 



Fig. 37. A portion of the transverse colon of a young orang in which a short part is contracted so 

 firmly that it feels perfectly solid. This is a transitory spasmodic contraction. 



Fig. 38. Section through the stomach figured in fig. 35 along the plane of the curvatures. The 

 interior of the posterior half is shown. The characters of the pyloric canal, the pyloric vestibule, and the 

 thickening of the muscular coat at the bottom of the sulci due to contraction are well seen. 



Fig. 39. The anterior half of the stomach depicted in fig. 36, to show the manner in which the mucous 

 membrane is disposed in longitudinal folds at the seat of the constriction or indentation in the greater 

 curvature. Observe the tight closure of the whole length of the pyloric canal through firm contraction of 

 the sphincteric cylinder. 



