CRANIOLOGY OF PEOPLE OF INDIA. 273 



The indices are obtained by the formula employed by Professor Cunningham and 



,„. . * Post. Vert. Dr. x 100 



myseli m our respective memoirs, -. ^ ^r . 



J * Ant. Vert. Dr. 



The special index is the relation of the two diameters in each vertebra ; the general 

 index is their relation in the group of vertebrae. As regards the four lower dorsal verte- 

 bras, the vertical diameter of the bodies posteriorly collectively exceeded by 5 mm. the 

 anterior vertical diameter, which without doubt partially contributed to the production 

 of the forward concavity in the dorsal region. In the lumbar spine, on the other hand, 

 the collective anterior vertical diameters of the bodies exceeded by only 2 mm. the 

 vertical diameter posteriorly. The 1st and 2nd lumbars, like the lower dorsals, together 

 had the posterior diameter 5 mm. longer than the anterior ; the reverse was the case 

 in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th lumbars, in which the collective diameters were 7 mm. more in 

 front than behind. In the 3rd lumbar the vertical diameter anteriorly was only 1 

 mm. more than the posterior, and it may be regarded as marking the transition 

 between the upper and lower wedge-shaped groups. No information could be obtained 

 of the thickness of the intervertebral discs, or the part which they took in the production 

 of the lumbar convexity of the spine ; but as the general lumbar index was 99'1, as 

 compared with a mean index of 96 in the spine of Europeans, the convexity in this 

 region would have been due to the intervertebral discs rather than to a marked wedge- 

 shaped character of the vertebral bodies. The lumbar spine in this skeleton comes 

 into the group which, when regarded from the vertical diameters of the bodies and 

 not including the discs, I have elsewhere named orthorachic,f or straight-spine. 



Ribs. — Several ribs were missing, and of those present some were injured. No 

 peculiarities were noticed. 



Sternum. — This bone was injured, but neither the manubrium nor ensiform was 

 ossified with the body. 



The Upper Limb. Clavicles. — These bones were slender and with feeble muscular 

 ridges. The sigmoid curve was not pronounced, and the groove for the subclavius 

 muscle was scarcely marked. The right was 117 mm. long, the left 119 mm. 



Scapula. — Both bones were so much injured that neither the full length nor breadth 

 could be measured. The coracoid notch was deep, and the axillary border of the bone 

 was almost straight. 



Shaft of Upper Limb. — The humerus, radius, and ulna were slender bones, and with 

 moderate muscular markings. The humerus had no intercondylar foramen ; as the 

 musculo-spiral groove was feeble, there was scarcely any twist in the shaft of the bone. 

 The ulnar articular surface for the head of the radius was large, and indicated freedom 

 of movement in pronation and supination ; the axis of the neck of the radius was pro- 

 longed into that of the shaft ; whilst the shaft of the radius curved away from that of 



* Cunningham, Nature, February 18, 1886 ; and in Cunningham Memoirs Royal Irish Academy, 1886 ; 

 Turner, Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, April 1886 ; Challenger Reports, Zoology, part xlvii., 1886. 



t Memoir in Challenger Reports, " On the Comparative Anatomy of the Human Skeleton," p. 72, part xlvii., 1886, 

 op. cit. 



