278 PRINCIPAL SIR W. TURNER ON 



more rounded. In the majority of the skulls the greatest width was in the squamous 

 region. Seven crania were 180 mm. or upwards in length, and the shortest skull was 

 171 mm. There was no evidence of artificial flattening in the occipital region, the 

 degree of the slope downwards from the obelion varied, but in three specimens (Nos. 121, 

 130, and F and G) it was abrupt, and in all the occipital squama projected behind the 

 inion. No skull was asymmetrical. In two skulls the temporal curved lines were 

 strong, which pointed to powerful temporal muscles. The crania were cryptozygous. 



Norma lateralis. — As a rule the forehead scarcely receded, though in Nos. 121 and 

 130 (fig. 62) the backward slope was more pronounced; the glabella and supraorbital 

 ridges were moderate, though stronger in a few specimens ; the nasion usually was not 

 much depressed. In all the skulls the occipital longitudinal arc was the shortest, in eight 

 the parietal exceeded the frontal, in three the frontal was the longest. Some skulls 

 rested behind on the mastoids, others on the cerebellar part of the occiput (PL X., fig. 54). 



Norma facialis. — The floor of the nose was usually separated from the incisive 

 region by a sharp ridge, though in a few, No. 129 especially, the ridge did not exist, 

 and the nasal floor and the incisive fossae were directly continuous : the maxillo-nasal 

 spine was moderate. The bridge of the nose varied in length from 18 to 23 mm. ; it 

 differed also in the sharpness of the ridge, in its degree of projection, and in the depth of 

 its upward concavity ; but in no specimen was it flattened or specially wide, and the 

 greatest interorbital diameter was 20 mm. The nasal height ranged in the skulls from 

 46 to 52 mm. ; the nasio-alveolar length from 58 to 64 mm. ; the width of the 

 anterior nares ranged from 21 to 27 mm. The nasio-malar index ranged from 106*3 

 to 1177, and the mean was 109'3. The upper jaw, though varying in the degree 

 of projection, was prognathous in only one skull, No. 124, and orthognathous in 

 four specimens. The orbital borders showed no special thickening, and the aperture 

 had a wide range in the relation of width to height. The palato-maxillary arch was 

 in several wide and shallow, though in a few the arch was higher ; and in Nos. 121, 129 

 its vault opposite the 2nd molar was 16 mm. in height. In No. 130 the upper jaw was 

 only 11 mm. in vertical diameter in the incisive region, and in No. 131 only 13 mm. 



The sutures showed various degrees of complexity, and whilst open in some specimens, 

 they were in others in process of ossification, and in two were almost obliterated. Small 

 Wormian bones were in the lambdoid in six specimens ; in another the occipital squama 

 had as special ossifications a large mesial and a smaller right lateral supraoccipital ; in 

 another specimen a small triquetral occupied the posterior end of the sagittal suture. 

 The parieto-squamous suture was, with two exceptions, well marked ; in two skulls were 

 epipteric bones, and in one of these, No. 123, the left squamous-temporal articulated 

 directly with the frontal bone. In several the spine of the temporal was fused with the 

 bone ; in three the jugal processes were tuberculated ; no skull had a 3rd condyl ; in 

 No. 123 each external pterygoid formed a continuous plate with the spine of the sphenoid, 

 and the plate was pierced by a foramen. In No. 15 a broad-based exostosis projected 

 into the auditory meatus from the anterior wall. 



