292 PRINCIPAL SIR W. TURNER ON 



processes of the occipital were tuberculated, and there was no 3rd condyl. The 

 vertical index, 76'6, was hypsicephalic, and the height exceeded the breadth ; the cephalic 

 index, 74 '5, was dolichocephalic ; the breadth-height index was hypsistenocephalic. The 

 intracranial capacity was 1430 c.c. 



Physical Characters and Affinities of the Tibetans. 



Although Tibet has for centuries been jealously guarded against access to Europeans, 

 yet, before the recent British expedition, adventurous travellers had from time to time 

 penetrated into the country, and a few had reached Lhasa, the capital. The physical 

 characters of the people had to some extent been recognised by individual explorers ; 

 also by others, from opportunities of seeing Tibetans who had crossed the frontiers 

 of India and China, and their affinities with the Mongolian type had been noted. An 

 American traveller, Mr W. W. Rockhill, who, starting from Pekin, made two journeys 

 through North-eastern and Eastern Tibet,* regarded the people as essentially of one race, 

 the purest representatives of which were the semi-nomadic, pastoral, tent-dwelling 

 tribes known as the Drupa type. In the towns and villages, again, the people were 

 mixed with other Asiatic races, with the Chinese in the north and natives of India in 

 the south and west. He defines the Drupa type as follows : stature about 5 feet 5 inches ; 

 head, brachycephalic ; cheek bones, high ; nose, thick ; nostrils, broad ; beard, thin ; hair, 

 long, coarse, tangled ; skin, light brown, but dark brown when exposed to the weather. 

 He traversed the province of Kham, which he writes K'am or K'ambo, from north to 

 south-east, and saw men having the nose thin and aquiline, the eyes large and hazel, 

 the hair long and wavy or curly, as a type common in Eastern Tibet, but which he 

 had never observed in Central or Western Tibet. He says there is nothing Mongol 

 about them, and that they are good representatives of old Tibetan civilisation, possibly 

 descendants of the Tang-hsiang of the sixth century of our era.t 



Accompanying the recent British expedition were several journalists J who wrote 

 picturesque descriptions of the fighting and other incidents of the campaign, the 

 appearance of the country, the monasteries and the Lamas, the dress and habits of the 

 people, but without giving much information on their physical characters. Mr Edmund 

 Candler, however, speaks of the people from the Kham province, who formed the 

 bravest part of the Tibetan army, as wild, long-haired men, and he especially refers to 

 Katsak Khasi as having comparatively aquiline features, which had not been " flattened 

 out in youth." 



* The Land of the Lamas : a Journey made in 1889, London, 1891. Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet 

 in 1891 and 1892, Washington, 1894. Reports of the United States National Museum, 1893. 



t Between the years 1895 and 1899 Mr and Mrs Rijnhart resided in the border country of China and Tibet, and 

 also travelled in North-eastern and Eastern Tibet, following almost the same route as Mr Rockhill. See With the 

 Tibetans in Tent and Temple, by Susie C. Rijnhart, M.D., Edinburgh, 1901. This book being written by a lady, 

 gives glimpses of interest into the domestic life of the Tibetans. See also Tibet, the Country and its Inhabitants, by 

 V. Grenabd, pp. 72, 224, London, 1904, for an account of variations in the physical characters of the Tibetans. 



X G. Candler, The Unveiling of Lhasa, London, 1905. Perceval Landon, Lhasa, the British Mission, 

 London, 1905. 



