CRANIOLOGY OF PEOPLE OF INDIA. 293 



A fuller description of the people is given by Colonel L. A. Waddell, C.B.,* who 

 acted as the chief medical officer to the mission. He observed two distinct types, the one 

 round-headed, broad, flat-faced, and oblique-eyed, approximating to the pure Mongol 

 from the Steppes ; the other longer headed, with nearly regular features, a fairly shaped 

 long nose with a good bridge, and but little of the Kalmuk eye ; this type, he says, 

 approximates more to the Tartars of Turkestan and the nomads of the Great Northern 

 Plateau (Hor). Colonel Waddell noticed that a large number of the nobility and higher 

 officials belonged to the longer-headed, longer-nosed type, and so strongly resembled 

 the Muhammadan Balti coolies, from the country bordering the Pamirs, that they 

 could scarcely be distinguished from each other.t He was told that recent migrations 

 of these nomad Tartars had taken place into Southern Tibet, east of the Yamdok lake, 

 near to the borders of Bhutan. In stature the Tibetans of Lhasa were even less than 

 the Chinese, but the men from Kham were quite up to the standard of the Chinese. 

 The people were generally light chocolate in colour, though many of the better class 

 were almost as fair as a South Italian. The hair was black, and worn by the men in 

 pig-tails, but in the women it was smoothly brushed and parted in the middle. 



Advantage was taken of the presence of the expedition to explore both Central 

 Tibet and the upper waters of the Brahmaputra river, an account of which has been 

 given by Captain C. G-. Eawling.J He describes the nomads of Central Tibet as of 

 short stature, the men averaging from 4 feet 1 1 inches to 5 feet, the women being con- 

 siderably shorter. The complexion was a sickly olive, the teeth ill formed and frequently 

 protruding. The men allowed their black, greasy hair to grow long and wild, only a 

 few straggling hairs projected from the corners of the mouth, but the women usually 

 wore the hair plaited and decorated. Tai-Tso, the chief man at Pomba, had a low fore- 

 head, a flat nose, an enormous mouth, and deeply pigmented eye-balls set in narrow 

 slits. At Shigatse, the Tashi Lama, the functionary second in authority in Tibet, was 

 visited, and is described as being exceptionally fair in complexion, with high cheek bones 

 and finely chiselled features : the hands were extremely white and the fingers long and 

 thin. 



The two skulls, which, through Major Wimberley's courteous attention, I have had 

 the opportunity of examining, are of especial interest, as they illustrate the two types 

 of Tibetans which Colonel Waddell has described. The Mongolian type of the skull 

 from Lhasa was shown in the broadly ovoid, brachycephalic, platychamsecephalic form 

 of the cranium, the width of the forehead, the interorbital breadth, the low, flattened 

 bridge of the nose, the wide anterior nares, the interzygomatic and intermalar breadth, 

 the malar border of the orbit being in almost the same transverse plane as the bridge of 

 the nose, and the slight degree of projection of the upper jaw. 



* Lhasa and its Mysteries, London, 1905. 



t Authorities are not agreed as to the characters of the people of Baltistan, a district to the north-east of Cashmere. 

 Some regard them as showing a pronounced Mongolian type, others recognised Tibetan characteristics, whilst Ujfalvy 

 considered them to be almost Aryans (Les Aryens, by C. de Ujfalvy ; Paris, 1896). 



J The Great Plateau, London, 1905. 



TRANS. ROY. SOC. EDIN., VOL. XLV. PART II. (NO. 10). 40 



