566 PROFESSOR J. C. EWART 



part of the skull ; another has been the lengthening of the mandible, doubtless that it 

 may more effectively deal with hard dry food during winter. 



Of the Newstead skull of the Steppe type it need only be mentioned further: (1) 

 That the occipital condyles, separated by a very narrow groove, are so placed that the 

 head readily assumes a nearly vertical position ; (2) that the premaxillse are long, 

 narrow, and strongly bent downwards ; (3) that the first premolar (wolf) teeth are large 

 and functional, while the second, third, and fourth premolars, as well as the three 

 molars, are smaller than in the Forest variety from Newstead. It has already been 

 mentioned that though the 560 mm. Newstead skull (PI. II. fig. 7) belonged to a horse 

 about fifteen years of age, it, as I anticipated, very closely agrees with the skull (fig. 1 ) 

 of a four-year-old Prejvalsky horse imported from Mongolia. 



They agree in the cephalic index (58"18 in the Newstead skull and 60*00 in the 

 Prejvalsky skull), and differ but little in the frontal index : for notwithstanding the 

 undeveloped state of the young Prejvalsky horse, the frontal index is only 50 '94 ; in 

 the Newstead skull of the Prejvalsky type it is 50'33. The bending of the face on the 

 cranium is not so pronounced in the three-year-old wild horse ; but when it is 

 remembered that in a fifteen months' Prejvalsky horse the skull is nearly as straight as 

 it is in an adult Forest horse, the less bent condition of the face in the three-year-old 

 Steppe horse is at once accounted for. A consideration of the 560 mm. Newstead skull 

 may hence be said to point to the conclusion that it belonged to a horse very closely 

 resembling in make, and presumably also in temperament, Prejvalsky 's horse (PI. III. 

 fig. 11): a form still living in a wild state in the vicinity of the Great Altai Mountains, 

 specimens of which, through the instrumentality of His Grace the Duke of Bedford, 

 were some years ago imported into England. 



In addition to the 560 mm. skull, there are two others from Newstead which belong 

 to the Steppe or Prejvalsky variety, i.e. to a variety characterised by a long face 

 (PI. III. fig. 12), convex in outline and bent downwards on the cranium, a short neck, 

 a short back, and only five lumbar vertebrae — in the Forest variety there are six — a 

 straight croup and a high set-on tail, slender limbs, long metapodial bones, small 

 fetlock joints and narrow hoofs, an upright mane and a remarkable mule-like tail ; to 

 a variety having a wonderful facility for clearing obstacles, and characterised by an 

 indomitable temper. 



We now come to the Newstead skulls of the Plateau type. One of these, which 

 closely agrees in size and outline with that of a 12-hands Celtic pony, is alike remarkable 

 for the narrowness of the face and the width of the cranium. Although this skull is 

 65 mm. shorter than the skull of the Steppe type last considered, the cranium is 12 mm. 

 wider ; and though 88 mm. shorter, it is as wide as in the longest skull from Newstead. 



The cranium, 156 mm in length, has a width of 108 mm., which gives an index 

 of 69'23, i.e. L 105 higher than in the 560 mm. Newstead skull of the Steppe type. 

 The frontal index of the small Newstead skull is 54'11 — nearly intermediate between 

 the Newstead skulls of the Forest and Steppe types, which are respectively 6T29 and 



