568 PROFESSOR J. C. EWART 



closely except in its cranium with the 494 mm. small narrow Newstead skull of the 

 Celtic type. In this skull the face is 372 mm. long and 203 mm. wide, the frontal 

 index being 54 - 04, i.e. only 7 less than in the small skull of the Celtic type. Not only 

 is the frontal index similar : the face bears the same relation to the base of the skull. 

 The length of the face (372 mm.) multiplied by 100 and divided by the cranio-facial 

 length, gives an index of 71 '45 ; in the skull of the Celtic type it is 72*03. The narrow- 

 ness of the face in the Celtic type is well brought out by comparing the 534 mm. skull 

 with a skull of the Forest type in which the face happens to be the same length. In 

 the one case the frontal width is 203 mm. ; in the other (the Forest) the frontal width 

 is 228 mm., nearly one inch wider. 



The cranium of the 534 Arab-like Newstead skull is in length identical with the 

 cranium of the 494 mm. skull of the Celtic type, but it is 5 mm. narrower ; hence the 

 cephalic index is less — 66 "02 against 69 '32. 



In the outline of the face and the amount of bending on the cranium, in the size 

 and shape of the orbits, the width of the nasals, the width between the occipital 

 condyles, the direction of the occipital condyles and the articular surfaces for the 

 mandible and in the teeth, — the long Arab-like Newstead skull and the short Celtic-like 

 Newstead skull are almost identical. From the close resemblance between the short 

 and long narrow skulls, it may be safely assumed that they belonged to the same or to 

 closely related races, i.e. were members of the Plateau variety. This view is confirmed 

 by the fact that the 535 mm. Roman skull is in its measurements — in its total length, 

 width and length of face — and in .the relation of the face to the cranium almost 

 identical with the skull of an Arab mare (Jerboa by Maidan out of Jerud) in the British 

 Museum, and practically identical with the skull of a typical Mexican Plateau horse. 



In addition to the 535 mm. narrow skull, there are three others from Newstead 

 Arab-like in outline. One of these, though 1 mm. shorter, closely agrees with the one 

 described ; the other two, while agreeing in the main points, differ slightly, probably 

 because they belonged to horses having a trace of Forest blood. 



Whence came the Horses in the Newstead Fort ? 



The principal varieties of horses represented by the skulls from the Newstead fort 

 having been enumerated, and their affinities with living varieties discussed, the question 

 may now be asked — Whence came the horses in the possession of the Roman auxiliaries 

 stationed in the south of Scotland during the first and second centuries ? 



It will be best to consider first whence came the three small horses which probably 

 only measured from 48 to 50 inches at the withers. Professor Ridge way of Cambridge, 

 in his work on the Thoroughbred Horse, states that " the horse was everywhere driven 

 under chariots before he was ridden." * 



Why the horse was first driven is made sufficiently obvious by Herodotus in a 



* Rtdgeway, Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse, p. 423. 



