ON SKULLS OF HORSES FROM THE ROMAN FORT AT NEWSTEAD. 587 



DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES. 



Plate I. 



Fig. 1. View from above of a skull of the Forest type. From a skull of the Steppe type this skull 

 differs in having a short, broad face. Newstead fort. 



Fig. 2. Lateral view of a skull of the Forest type in which the face is nearly in a line with the cranium. 

 The outline of the face is distinctly concave. Iceland pony. 



Fig. 3. View from below of a skull of the Forest type. The space between the occipital condyles 

 measures 7 mm., — in a skull of the Steppe type the condyles may only be separated by a space of 2 mm. 

 Newstead fort. 



Fig. 4. View from above of the skull represented in fig. 7. Note the great length of the face, long 

 nasals, and narrow premaxillary region. 



Fig. 5. Skull of a young Prejvalsky horse (age about 15 months). At this age the face is nearly in a 

 line with the cranium, as in adult members of the Forest variety. 



Plate II. 



Fig. 6. Skull of the Forest type, with the face nearly in a line with the cranium, as in the elk (Alces). 

 A line carried through the basi-cranial axis emerges well below the tips of the nasals. Newstead fort. 



Fig. 7. Lateral view of a skull of the Steppe type, in which the face is bent downwards on the cranium 

 as in sheep. A line carried through the basi-cranial axis emerges between the anterior margin of the 

 orbit and the tip of the nasals. Owing to the great length of the face and to the backward position of the 

 orbit, the post-orbital portion of the skull is relatively shorter than in the Forest skull represented in fig. 6. 

 Note the difference in the shape of the orbit in figs. 6 and 7. Newstead fort. 



Plate III. 



Fig. 8. A typical yellow dun 1 2-hands Celtic pony mare, a member of the northern section of the 

 Plateau variety. In summer coat, with the mane removed and most of the tail-lock shed. Two of the 

 ponies in the Newstead fort probably belonged to this small, slender-limbed, active, intelligent race. 



Fig. 9. A Highland deerstalker's pony of the Forest type. Note short neck, round quarter and low set- 

 on tail. 



Fig. 10. On the right is the head of a Mexican horse of the Plateau type. Note that the head is small, 

 the eye large and full, while the muzzle is fine. On the left is the head of a horse with a very long face and 

 long ears as in E. prejvalskii. 



Fig. 11. A Prejvalsky horse (about 2^ years old), to illustrate the external characteristics of a member 

 of the Steppe variety. To a horse of this type English Shire horses, "Roman-nosed" Clydesdales and 

 Hackneys, and ram-headed Barbs and English thoroughbreds, owe some of their most striking characteristics. 



Fig. 12. Head of the Prejvalsky horse in fig. 11, to show that the eyes are near the long ears but far 

 from the nostrils, as in the majority of cart horses, and as in the long-faced Mexican horse in fig. 10. 



Figs. 1 to 7, 9 and 12, and text-figures 1 to 3 and 5 from photographs by G. A. Ewart, figs. 8 and 11 

 from photographs by Captain Hayes, and fig. 10 from a photograph by E. F. Ewabt. 



TRANS. ROY. SOC. EDIN., VOL. XLV. PART III. (NO. 20). 82 



