THE MALAYS, THE NATIVES OF FORMOSA, AND THE TIBETANS. 783 



parietal region. The parieto-occipital slope was moderate, the occipital squama pro- 

 jected behind the inion, and there was no artificial flattening. Four were cryptozygous, 

 one phsenozygous. 



Norma lateralis. — The forehead slightly receded in the male and approached the 

 vertical in the female skulls. The glabella and supraorbital ridges were not prominent 

 and were distinct from the outer upper orbital border, and the frontal bone was 

 flattened in the area between that border and the temporal ridge. The nasion was not 

 depressed except in E, the nasal bridge was not keeled, and tended to be flattened, 

 though with a shallow upward concavity. The occipital arc was the shortest in all the 

 specimens, and, with one exception, the frontal exceeded the parietal arc, though in two 

 only by 1 mm. The crania rested behind on the cerebellar fossae. 



Norma facialis. — In A and C the floor of the nose was separated from the incisive 

 region by a sharp ridge, but in the others the ridge was smoothed down. In all the 

 maxillo-nasal spine was distinct. In B the nares were narrow, the nasal height was 

 more than double the width, and the nasal index was leptorhine ; in the others they 

 were wider both absolutely and relatively to the height of the nose, so that the index 

 in A and C was mesorhine and in D and E platyrhine, but the mean index of the 

 series, 50'5, was mesorhine. In B the complete face was long and the index was 

 leptoprosopic, in C it was low and the index was chamseprosopic, but in four skulls 

 the mean maxillo-facial index, 51*2, was leptoprosopic* In A, B, D the upper jaw 

 was orthognathous, in C feebly mesognathous, and the mean gnathic index computed 

 by Flower's method was 94*2. The relation of the bi-malar to the nasio-malar 

 diameter gave a nasio-malar index t which ranged from 1 08 "4 to 11 1*4, and the 

 mean, 110, was mesopic and indicated a nose not specially flattened at the root. 

 In A, C, D, E the orbital aperture was rounded, and the mean index, 94*4, was 

 megaseme, in B the breadth was relatively greater, and the index, 87*2, was meso- 

 seme. The hard palate was shallow in A, D, E, and more arched in B and C. In 

 three skulls the palato-maxillary index was hyperbrachyuranic, in one brachyuranic. 

 The teeth, with few exceptions, had been lost ; those that remained were betel-stained 

 and worn by use, but not to the level of the gums. The lower jaw had a square 

 projecting chin, the angle was well marked and the muscular ridges were distinct. 



The cranial sutures were moderately denticulated. In E the sagittal was closed, but 

 the cranium was not scaphocephalic. A few small Wormian bones were present, though 



* In my memoir on the Craniology of the People of Scotland (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1903), I have explained 

 Kallmann's plan of obtaining facial indices, and have suggested a modification in the grouping as follows : — 



Complete facial index. Maxillo-facial index. 



Leptoprosopic, narrow face, .... 90 - l and upwards 50" 1 and upwards 



Mesoprosopic, . . . . . 85 to 90 45 to 50 



Chameeprosopic, low face, . . . ■ . below 85 below 45 



t See Oldfield Thomas in Journ. Anth. Inst., vol. xiv. p. 332, 1885. My suggested modification of the 

 divisions of the nasio-malar index is : platyopic, low flat-faced profile, index below 106 ; pro-opic, projecting profile, 

 index above 110 ; profile intermediate in degree, mesopic, from 106 to 110 (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlv. p. 

 263, 1906). 



