800 SIR WILLIAM TURNER, THE CRANIOLOGY OF THE NATIVES OF BORNEO, 



low and of moderate width ; the upper jaw was not very projecting ; the orbits were 

 rounded, and the palate had, as a rule, a wide and shallow arch. 



Since the time of Anders Retzius anthropologists have recognised the importance of 

 determining the relation of the length to the breadth of the cranium in different races of 

 men and have for many years expressed these relations numerically by the cephalic 

 index. Attention has been subsequently called by J. Kollmann to the relation between 

 the length and breadth of the face, and he has employed the term leptoprosopic to 

 express a face long and narrow in relation to its breadth, and chamaeprosopic for a face 

 relatively low and broad. In my memoir on the Craniology of the People of Scotland * 

 I have suggested an intermediate or mesoprosopic group between the two extreme forma 



Little attention, however, seems to have been given to the relation between the 



length of the cranium and the breadth of the face, and to distinguish if differences in 



this relation existed in dolichocephalic when contrasted with brachycephalic crania. A 



numerical expression of the relation between cranial length and facial breadth 



may be obtained and a cranio-facial index computed by the following formula 



interzyqomatic breadth x 100 . , . n . , , 



-■ i tt , the length being regarded as = 100. 



maximum Length ° & ° 



In the nine crania of the Kalamantan group, in which both the glabello-occipital and 

 the interzygomatic diameters were measured, the cranio-facial index varied from 70*6 in 

 a Murut to 78*5 in the Dalit skull, and the mean was 73 '2. It would seem, therefore, 

 that in these people a face relatively high and narrow was associated with a cranium 

 relatively long and narrow. The two skulls with the highest cranio-facial index, 763 

 and 7 8 '5 respectively, had cranial proportions in which the breadth was somewhat 

 greater in relation to the length and the skulls were in the lower term of the mesati- 

 cephalic group. 



1 have not, in the summary of this group, included the two Kweejow skulls, for 

 though both were marked as being of the same tribe, the young skull was definitely 

 dolichocephalic, whilst the adult was in the higher term of the mesaticephalic group. 

 If the proportions shown by the youth's cranium may be regarded as characteristic of 

 the tribe, it doubtless should be associated with the dolichocephalic Kalamantans ; but if 

 the mesaticephalic skull more nearly represented the customary proportions, then possibly 

 the tribal character was due to a cross between the Kalamantan and a race the crania of 

 which possessed brachycephalic proportions. The low cranio-facial index, 67 '2, of the 

 Kweejow youth is associated with the imperfect development of the face and the dental 

 arcades. 



Messrs Hose, Shelford and Haddon have described in Sarawak tribes named 

 Kenyahs and Kayans, and Kohlbrugge and Nieuwenhuis have also recognised Kayans 

 in Dutch territory. They are believed to have entered Borneo by the rivers which 

 join the sea on the east and south-east coasts, at a period subsequent to the immigration 

 of the Kalamantans, and gradually to have penetrated westward into Sarawak, which 



* Op. cit., p. 606. See footnote to this memoir, p. 783. 



